Mars Attacks! Review Essay

Review of Mars Attacks! Mars Attacks! is Tim Burton’s clever thought at a martian invasion on the United States of America. After their landing, they easily took advantage of the governments trust, understanding, and compassion. Human beings, especially Americans, show just how ignorant and unpredictable they can be. However, their stupidity paves the way to their survival with a little bit of a population remaining. Source Materials: The constant struggle between war and politics makes this movie a classic bumbling mess of emgo fighting over what they consider to be right. The 1950’s science fiction focuses on how these peoples egos were created in a time of growing personalities. Genre: Parody Science Fiction portrays humility at the expense of American’s under the superior mind of the martians. Ultimately giving the upper hand to the human race for a reason that could not even be fathomed by mankind. Star Personas: The film is shown through the eyes of powerful figures from Nevada to Washington D. C. Everyone has an opinion and the best idea with how to deal with the martian invasion. A poor kid from that gets no attention within his society turns out to be the hero of the film. Technology/CGI: Used strongly throughout the entire movie, because anything that had to do with the martians was created by CGI. It was used to give a feel of abstract science fiction and not just a battle for superior intelligence. Plot: Told from a variety of different viewpoints and the advantages and drawbacks that went along with them. Everything comes together in the end to make it a bittersweet happy ending for all of those still left alive.

A Study of Consumer Perception of “Ready to Eat” Products Among Working Class Women

A Report on A Study Of Consumer Perception Of â€Å"Ready To Eat† Products Among Working Class Women In Erandwane Area In Pune City MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Introduction Ready to eat food items has already gained wide scope in western world and in recent years it gaining popularity in India. A busy lifestyle has made Indian women very hectic to cook and eat thus â€Å"ready to eat food† items are gaining wide interest. On account of this many firms are seeing this, a golden opportunity. Companies like Haldiram, Nestle, and ITC are already working in this area.In today’s scenario, first came canned foods, frozen foods, and ready to cook and now the era of ready to eat food . Considering the time value for the working women and also looking towards market needs firms started manufacturing it. There are peoples, who are migrating to cities for job and education and these people have find the Ready-to-eat products are comfortable to eat rather than depending on restaurants. Most of the dual income (both husband and wife are office goers) families want to spend much less time on cooking because of less availability of time.During weekends they want to spend time with their kids and outing, whereas in weekdays the office duration is large and these factors forced them to go for buying such products. Other factors influences this products is availability of different flavors and dishes. Consumers who are looking for different dishes and flavors now depend on these products. This products brings variety to their eating’s and palatable too. There is no conclusion which one precedes-whether the availability or taste or time constraint, all these factors complement each other in driving these products.Ready to eat items are providing a boon for working women. Literature Review Here are some facts drawn out by different survey carried out by different agencies. * The CFA commissioned a consumer survey to better understand consumers' att itudes and perceptions of ready to eat foods to help inform those efforts. According to the survey, more than half of Indians disagree that ready to eat food is as nutritious a fresh and more than one-third disagree that ready to eat food is as nutritious as frozen.Ready to eat foods and Lower Sodium Are Compatible – Only half of those surveyed know that ready to eat foods can be low in sodium, despite the multitude of no salt, low sodium and reduced sodium options available on grocery shelves. Thus conclusion can be drawn out from this that many people are with ready to cook food but some people are not so supportive. To find out where is real market for ready to cook food. *   A survey conducted by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) secretary general D. S. Rawat said the consumer spending rate on processed food has increased at an average rate of 7. per cent annually from 2008 to 2010. And this is expected to rise at an average of around 8. 6 per cent until 2012. * In any commercial context, such as new product development, positioning and marketing, to understand consumer perceptions and their needs is a fundamental activity for food producers (Van Kleef et al. , 2005, Oude Ophuis and Van Trijp, 1995). * The study of consumer behaviour focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items (Schiffman ; Kanuk,1997). Statement of Research A study of consumer perception of ready to eat products.Objective The research paper was under taken with the following objectives. i. To study the effective use of time by the use of RTE products. ii. The awareness of consumers towards ready-to-eat food iii. The factors responsible for buying RTE products by working women. Research Methodology: Research methodology is the procedures used in systematic observations or otherwise obtaining data, evidence, and information as a part of research project or study. Da ta collection: The  process  used to  collect  information  and  data  for the purpose of  making  business  decisions. 1. Primary: Primary data is the first hand collection of data.In this study we have used Questionnaire as our instrument for primary data collection. 2. Secondary: Secondary data is the data which is already available and published somewhere. For this study we have used journals, Magazines, related websites. Type of research: Descriptive: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. So we are using this method as there is no control over the variables; we can only report what has happened or what is happening.Sampling: It is the statistical method of representative data or observations in a group(lot, batch, population, etc. ) * Technique : Simple Random Sampling * Sample Size : 50 * Total population : 50,000*(www. wikiprdia. org) Scope of research: 1. The study was based on primary data collected from sample consumers by survey method. 2. The research is done in Erandwane area. 3. The target is for working women in this area. 4. Research location is in Pune city. Limitations: 1. The sample may not totally represent the whole section of the population because of different backgrounds. . The reluctancy of the responses from the population. 3. Invalid information . 4. Being college student, we faced time constraint for data collection Significance: 1. Awareness about â€Å"Ready-to-eat† products. 2. Acceptability of Ready-To-Eat products. 3. Openness of the market for new â€Å"Ready-to-eat† products. 4. Marketing strategies for RTE products. 5. Influence of media in promoting RTE. 6. New growing industry. Analysis : 1. Age Fig 1. Age Percentage Above fig shows that the maximum number of women are from 30-40 age group and they prefer RTE. 2. OccupationFig 2. Occupatio n Percentage From the above graph, it is cleared that the maximum i. e. 52% women are salaried. 3. Income Fig 3. Income Percentage Maximum of the women are having income in between 20000-30000. 4. Awareness Fig. 4 Awareness about the RTE From the analysis it shows that, out of total population, 52% prefer RTE for meals, which is highest. 5. Time Constraint Fig. 3 Time constraints The above pie chart reveals that, the maximum number of women prefer RTE as they face time constraints in the kitchen. 6. Buying perception Fig. 3 Buying PerceptionFrom the analysis, it concludes that more number of working women go for RTE because it is convenience. Following data interpretations were obtained:- 1) 52. 27% women are salaried. 2) 80%women have income above 10,000-20,000. 3) Almost 100% women have working hour more than 9-10 hours. 4) 60% didn’t get time to cook food themselves. 5) 80% people are aware of the Ready To Eat products. a) 25% or more, knows about the ready To Eat products . b) 36. 36% people prefer Ready To Eat items more than once. c) 34. 09% people prefer because it is very convenient to use. d) 20. 45% prefer because of the availability of products. ) 77. 27% think that ready To Eat products are not healthy. a) As it has preservatives, sometimes bad packaging, comes with expiry date, it is not fresh and also we get less variety. 7) 11. 36% consumes on daily basis. 8) 55% of population thinks it makes life easy. Conclusion: As per our findings, Ready To Eat are on growing stage. 1. Ready To Eat companies should change their marketing strategies as people have the typical mindset that the Ready To Eat products are not healthy to consume. 2. In the aspect of Time, Taste and Easy to make the Ready To Eat are proving to be good. . The analysis shows that most of the working women prefer Ready to Eat rather than cooking as it reduces their efforts. Bibliography: 1. Goyal Anita and Singh,N. P. (2007), â€Å"Consumer perception about Ready-to-eat in Indi a: anexploratory study†,British Food Journal,Vol. 109, Iss. 2,p. 182-195. Information, 26 (9): 8-14. 2. Hirekencchanagoudar Renuka , 2008,â€Å"Consumer Behaviour Towards Ready To Eat Food Products† . housewives in Dharwad. MHSc. Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci, Dharwad. 3. Jorin, R. , 1987, Consumer behaviour is changing and offering new opportunities.Berater- 4. Joshi, M. S. , 1993, Food purchase habits and consumer awareness of rural and urban 5. Kamalaveni, D. and Nirmala, 2000, Consumer behaviour in instant food products. Ind. J. 6. Kamenidou, L. , Zimitra-Kalogianni, L. , Zotos, Y. and Mattas, K. , 2002, Household purchasing and consumption behaviour towards processed peach products. New Medit,. 1 (1) : 45-49. Mktg, 30 (5-7) : 12-18. 7. Makatouni,Aikaterini (2002), â€Å"What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? Results frm a qualitative study†,British Food Journal,Vol. 104,Iss. 3/4/5,pp. 345-352. 8.Nichanj,Meena(2005),â€Å"Urbanities in India junk health,turn Ready-to-eaties,†Knight ridder Tribune business news,Washington,pp. 1. Nayga, Rodolfo M. and Capps,Oral (1992)â€Å"Determinants of Food Away from Home Consumption: An Update†, Agribusiness,Vol. 8,Iss. 6,pp. 549-559. 9. R. Meenambekai, P. Selvarajan, â€Å"Consumer Attitudes toward Ready-To-Eat Packed Food Items (With Special Reference To Jaffna Divisional Secretariat Division)†. The Seventh International Research Conference on Management and Finance (IRCMF 2012) 10. Ramasamy, K. , Kalaivanan, G. and Sukumar, S. , 2005, Consumer behaviour towards instant food products.Ind. J. Mktg. , 24 (2-3) : 55-59. 11. Rana Muhammad Ayyub, Muhammad Bilal and Muhammad Rameez Akram, â€Å"EXPLORING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR REGARDING READY TO EAT MEAT QUAIL MEAT PRODUCT IN PAKISTAN†,University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pkaistan. 12. Rees, A. M. , 1992, Factors influencing consumer choice. J. Soc. of Dairy Tech. , 45 (4): 112-116. 13. Sharma,Gaurav, (2011), â€Å"A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOURAL PATTERN OF CUSTOMERS FOR READY TO EAT FOOD ITEMS†. Report, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR 14. Srinivasan, N. and Elangovan, D. 2000, Consumer perception towards processed fruits and vegetable products. Ind. J. Mktg, 30 (11-12): 22-25. 15. T. Sarathy and Shilpa Gopal, â€Å"Managing the Diffusion of innovation in Ready-To-Eat Food Products in India† 16. Vijayabhaskar and Dr. N Sunderam, â€Å"Market Study on Key Determinants Of Ready To Eat Products With Respect To Tier I Cities In Southern Area†, International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research Volume II Issue VI, June 2012, ISSN-2231 5780. 17. Erandwane-Pune. jpg – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www. en. wikipedia. org 18. www. google. com AbstractThe present investigation made an attempt to study the perception of consumers towards ready-to-eat food products by the working class women in Erandwane area in Pune city. A total sa mple of 50 respondents was selected for the study. Majority of the respondents were aware of RTE products. Also television works as major source for getting information about such products. The purpose of the study is to find out what are the responsible factors for consumption of such products in working class women. Their income level, time variable, product awareness are taken into consideration to arrive at the conclusion.The main aim for this study is to explore consumer perception for ready-to-eat products and the major forces determining such segment to grow and the future potential of the same. This research will give us potential information about the working women preference for such products. There is a tremendous change in the last ten years in our country of people consuming habits, working style. Other than convenience there are many hidden forces and upcoming forces. Rather than availability of western eatables products, our own products are come into packaged items f or sales in this market. This study will throw some light on A Study of Consumer Perception of â€Å"Ready to Eat† Products Among Working Class Women A Report on A Study Of Consumer Perception Of â€Å"Ready To Eat† Products Among Working Class Women In Erandwane Area In Pune City MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Introduction Ready to eat food items has already gained wide scope in western world and in recent years it gaining popularity in India. A busy lifestyle has made Indian women very hectic to cook and eat thus â€Å"ready to eat food† items are gaining wide interest. On account of this many firms are seeing this, a golden opportunity. Companies like Haldiram, Nestle, and ITC are already working in this area.In today’s scenario, first came canned foods, frozen foods, and ready to cook and now the era of ready to eat food . Considering the time value for the working women and also looking towards market needs firms started manufacturing it. There are peoples, who are migrating to cities for job and education and these people have find the Ready-to-eat products are comfortable to eat rather than depending on restaurants. Most of the dual income (both husband and wife are office goers) families want to spend much less time on cooking because of less availability of time.During weekends they want to spend time with their kids and outing, whereas in weekdays the office duration is large and these factors forced them to go for buying such products. Other factors influences this products is availability of different flavors and dishes. Consumers who are looking for different dishes and flavors now depend on these products. This products brings variety to their eating’s and palatable too. There is no conclusion which one precedes-whether the availability or taste or time constraint, all these factors complement each other in driving these products.Ready to eat items are providing a boon for working women. Literature Review Here are some facts drawn out by different survey carried out by different agencies. * The CFA commissioned a consumer survey to better understand consumers' att itudes and perceptions of ready to eat foods to help inform those efforts. According to the survey, more than half of Indians disagree that ready to eat food is as nutritious a fresh and more than one-third disagree that ready to eat food is as nutritious as frozen.Ready to eat foods and Lower Sodium Are Compatible – Only half of those surveyed know that ready to eat foods can be low in sodium, despite the multitude of no salt, low sodium and reduced sodium options available on grocery shelves. Thus conclusion can be drawn out from this that many people are with ready to cook food but some people are not so supportive. To find out where is real market for ready to cook food. *   A survey conducted by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) secretary general D. S. Rawat said the consumer spending rate on processed food has increased at an average rate of 7. per cent annually from 2008 to 2010. And this is expected to rise at an average of around 8. 6 per cent until 2012. * In any commercial context, such as new product development, positioning and marketing, to understand consumer perceptions and their needs is a fundamental activity for food producers (Van Kleef et al. , 2005, Oude Ophuis and Van Trijp, 1995). * The study of consumer behaviour focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items (Schiffman ; Kanuk,1997). Statement of Research A study of consumer perception of ready to eat products.Objective The research paper was under taken with the following objectives. i. To study the effective use of time by the use of RTE products. ii. The awareness of consumers towards ready-to-eat food iii. The factors responsible for buying RTE products by working women. Research Methodology: Research methodology is the procedures used in systematic observations or otherwise obtaining data, evidence, and information as a part of research project or study. Da ta collection: The  process  used to  collect  information  and  data  for the purpose of  making  business  decisions. 1. Primary: Primary data is the first hand collection of data.In this study we have used Questionnaire as our instrument for primary data collection. 2. Secondary: Secondary data is the data which is already available and published somewhere. For this study we have used journals, Magazines, related websites. Type of research: Descriptive: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. So we are using this method as there is no control over the variables; we can only report what has happened or what is happening.Sampling: It is the statistical method of representative data or observations in a group(lot, batch, population, etc. ) * Technique : Simple Random Sampling * Sample Size : 50 * Total population : 50,000*(www. wikiprdia. org) Scope of research: 1. The study was based on primary data collected from sample consumers by survey method. 2. The research is done in Erandwane area. 3. The target is for working women in this area. 4. Research location is in Pune city. Limitations: 1. The sample may not totally represent the whole section of the population because of different backgrounds. . The reluctancy of the responses from the population. 3. Invalid information . 4. Being college student, we faced time constraint for data collection Significance: 1. Awareness about â€Å"Ready-to-eat† products. 2. Acceptability of Ready-To-Eat products. 3. Openness of the market for new â€Å"Ready-to-eat† products. 4. Marketing strategies for RTE products. 5. Influence of media in promoting RTE. 6. New growing industry. Analysis : 1. Age Fig 1. Age Percentage Above fig shows that the maximum number of women are from 30-40 age group and they prefer RTE. 2. OccupationFig 2. Occupatio n Percentage From the above graph, it is cleared that the maximum i. e. 52% women are salaried. 3. Income Fig 3. Income Percentage Maximum of the women are having income in between 20000-30000. 4. Awareness Fig. 4 Awareness about the RTE From the analysis it shows that, out of total population, 52% prefer RTE for meals, which is highest. 5. Time Constraint Fig. 3 Time constraints The above pie chart reveals that, the maximum number of women prefer RTE as they face time constraints in the kitchen. 6. Buying perception Fig. 3 Buying PerceptionFrom the analysis, it concludes that more number of working women go for RTE because it is convenience. Following data interpretations were obtained:- 1) 52. 27% women are salaried. 2) 80%women have income above 10,000-20,000. 3) Almost 100% women have working hour more than 9-10 hours. 4) 60% didn’t get time to cook food themselves. 5) 80% people are aware of the Ready To Eat products. a) 25% or more, knows about the ready To Eat products . b) 36. 36% people prefer Ready To Eat items more than once. c) 34. 09% people prefer because it is very convenient to use. d) 20. 45% prefer because of the availability of products. ) 77. 27% think that ready To Eat products are not healthy. a) As it has preservatives, sometimes bad packaging, comes with expiry date, it is not fresh and also we get less variety. 7) 11. 36% consumes on daily basis. 8) 55% of population thinks it makes life easy. Conclusion: As per our findings, Ready To Eat are on growing stage. 1. Ready To Eat companies should change their marketing strategies as people have the typical mindset that the Ready To Eat products are not healthy to consume. 2. In the aspect of Time, Taste and Easy to make the Ready To Eat are proving to be good. . The analysis shows that most of the working women prefer Ready to Eat rather than cooking as it reduces their efforts. Bibliography: 1. Goyal Anita and Singh,N. P. (2007), â€Å"Consumer perception about Ready-to-eat in Indi a: anexploratory study†,British Food Journal,Vol. 109, Iss. 2,p. 182-195. Information, 26 (9): 8-14. 2. Hirekencchanagoudar Renuka , 2008,â€Å"Consumer Behaviour Towards Ready To Eat Food Products† . housewives in Dharwad. MHSc. Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci, Dharwad. 3. Jorin, R. , 1987, Consumer behaviour is changing and offering new opportunities.Berater- 4. Joshi, M. S. , 1993, Food purchase habits and consumer awareness of rural and urban 5. Kamalaveni, D. and Nirmala, 2000, Consumer behaviour in instant food products. Ind. J. 6. Kamenidou, L. , Zimitra-Kalogianni, L. , Zotos, Y. and Mattas, K. , 2002, Household purchasing and consumption behaviour towards processed peach products. New Medit,. 1 (1) : 45-49. Mktg, 30 (5-7) : 12-18. 7. Makatouni,Aikaterini (2002), â€Å"What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? Results frm a qualitative study†,British Food Journal,Vol. 104,Iss. 3/4/5,pp. 345-352. 8.Nichanj,Meena(2005),â€Å"Urbanities in India junk health,turn Ready-to-eaties,†Knight ridder Tribune business news,Washington,pp. 1. Nayga, Rodolfo M. and Capps,Oral (1992)â€Å"Determinants of Food Away from Home Consumption: An Update†, Agribusiness,Vol. 8,Iss. 6,pp. 549-559. 9. R. Meenambekai, P. Selvarajan, â€Å"Consumer Attitudes toward Ready-To-Eat Packed Food Items (With Special Reference To Jaffna Divisional Secretariat Division)†. The Seventh International Research Conference on Management and Finance (IRCMF 2012) 10. Ramasamy, K. , Kalaivanan, G. and Sukumar, S. , 2005, Consumer behaviour towards instant food products.Ind. J. Mktg. , 24 (2-3) : 55-59. 11. Rana Muhammad Ayyub, Muhammad Bilal and Muhammad Rameez Akram, â€Å"EXPLORING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR REGARDING READY TO EAT MEAT QUAIL MEAT PRODUCT IN PAKISTAN†,University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pkaistan. 12. Rees, A. M. , 1992, Factors influencing consumer choice. J. Soc. of Dairy Tech. , 45 (4): 112-116. 13. Sharma,Gaurav, (2011), â€Å"A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOURAL PATTERN OF CUSTOMERS FOR READY TO EAT FOOD ITEMS†. Report, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR 14. Srinivasan, N. and Elangovan, D. 2000, Consumer perception towards processed fruits and vegetable products. Ind. J. Mktg, 30 (11-12): 22-25. 15. T. Sarathy and Shilpa Gopal, â€Å"Managing the Diffusion of innovation in Ready-To-Eat Food Products in India† 16. Vijayabhaskar and Dr. N Sunderam, â€Å"Market Study on Key Determinants Of Ready To Eat Products With Respect To Tier I Cities In Southern Area†, International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research Volume II Issue VI, June 2012, ISSN-2231 5780. 17. Erandwane-Pune. jpg – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www. en. wikipedia. org 18. www. google. com AbstractThe present investigation made an attempt to study the perception of consumers towards ready-to-eat food products by the working class women in Erandwane area in Pune city. A total sa mple of 50 respondents was selected for the study. Majority of the respondents were aware of RTE products. Also television works as major source for getting information about such products. The purpose of the study is to find out what are the responsible factors for consumption of such products in working class women. Their income level, time variable, product awareness are taken into consideration to arrive at the conclusion.The main aim for this study is to explore consumer perception for ready-to-eat products and the major forces determining such segment to grow and the future potential of the same. This research will give us potential information about the working women preference for such products. There is a tremendous change in the last ten years in our country of people consuming habits, working style. Other than convenience there are many hidden forces and upcoming forces. Rather than availability of western eatables products, our own products are come into packaged items f or sales in this market. This study will throw some light on

Motion in inferno

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home.The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected.The motions of Minos make him out to be a wiel der, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself.The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the mot ion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom.Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once.The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment.Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15).The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossibl e) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose.Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts.They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find th emselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied.This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source.Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell.In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace.Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a res pite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself.It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them.Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish.

Develop an applicant attraction strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Develop an applicant attraction strategy - Essay Example Disability programs are designed to recruit persons with disabilities because they do have full rights to apply to any position. Another recruiting program is the Workforce Recruitment Program for College Students with Disabilities (Evans, Glover, & Wilson, 2007). This program provides a linkage between employers and students who have just completed their secondary school or have graduated with degrees, these students are normally disabled are ready to prove that their disability is not inability; they have zeal to put their learned skills into practice. JR Smith can adopt a post military employment program where they will establish training centers exclusive for them. The firm should indicate on their advertisement that they will offer incentives to persons who shall be recruited (Evans, Glover, & Wilson, 2007). Trainings and medical covers should include part of the incentives the target group will automatically benefit from. Flexible working hours should be included in the advert for the target group. The firm should reiterate that biasness against gender, race or disabilities shall not arise in the process of recruiting so that a massive number of people can be attracted. It is essential for the recruiting firm to put in mind that those exiting from military may not have enough experience in areas dealt with in JR Smith consultancy firm (Foster, 2003). Therefore, there is the need to establish a favorable training program for them so that they can asquint themselves. Most of them are old; therefore, it is crucial to take them sl ow, and be run through trainings that interest them. JR Smith firm will benefit greatly from training the newly recruited employees because they will have less energy directed towards supervision, fewer errors in duty delivery will be encountered; therefore, productivity and efficiency will increase. The new recruits will have a proper understanding of the

International management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International management - Essay Example Equally, in polychronic societies, individuals tend to tackle numerous tasks simultaneously and to highlight the amount of finished activities and the number of individuals implicated, rather than the devotion to time programme. Being on time is of little significance in polychronic systems than in Monochronic systems3. High-context cultures refer to connected, Marxist, instinctive, and thoughtful systems.   This implies that individuals in these backgrounds highlight interpersonal relations4.   Creating trust is a significant initial stage to any company contract.   Examples include Middle East, Asian states, Africa5.   Low-context cultures are describes as rational, linear, personal, and action-based.   Populace from low-context systems treasure sense, truth, and openness6. Choices depend on truth rather than insight.   To be completely apparent, they struggle to employ accurate statements and aim them to be understood literally.  This is extremely diverse from speakers in high-context systems that rely less on speech exactness and lawful documents. Examples include USA and Western Europe. Attribution refers to the procedure by which grounds or motives are given to describe other individuals’ character7. Dispositional attributions propose that some individuality trait or logical quality exceptional to the individual is responsible for the personality. Situational attributions propose that the outside condition or culture in which the marked individual exists was liable for the personality8. Consistency signals mirror how constantly an individual engages in various manners over time. We tend to see habit that an individual does frequently as suggestive of his or her factual purpose Consensus cues mirror how an individual’s behaviour contrasts to that of others9. Universally, activities which diverge from social anticipations give us with more facts concerning the actors intentions than conforming manners do. In exchanging

Cautions or Side Effects of Herbs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cautions or Side Effects of Herbs - Assignment Example Through scientific methods, the medicinal properties of numerous herbs have been extracted, analyzed, and synthesized to produce the pharmaceuticals we rely upon today (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). Tinctures, extracts, capsules, teas, lozenges, and ointments are all included in the pharmacopeia of products derived from the cultivation of herbal remedies (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). It is estimated that 80% of the world’s population use herbal remedies as a part of their primary care practice and is a major component of medical care in indigenous populations (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). Herbalists typically use the whole plant to create their remedies, which is not the practice in modern medicine since pharmacologists identify, isolate, extract, and synthesize individual components to use only the active properties (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). ... John's Wort, and Valerian root (â€Å"Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine†, 2011). These herbs are used for a variety of purposes, including strengthening of the immune system, treatment of migraines, to treat hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, improvement of circulation and cognition, treatment for mild depression or mood disorders, and as a sedative (â€Å"Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine†, 2011). However, these herbs all have dangerous side effects that are not indicated on the label, which include allergic reactions, headache, dizziness, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bilateral subdural hematomas, transient nervousness, excitation, insomnia, inability to concentrate, hypertension, epistaxis, mania, gastrointestinal discomfort, localized numbness, dry, scaly skin, discoloration of the skin and nails, photosensitivity, eye redness, photophobia, diplopia, nervousness, irritability, psychosis, seizures, stroke, premature ventricular contraction, myocardi al infarction, and death (â€Å"Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine†, 2011). These side effects can occur from using these herbs alone, but these effects can be significantly worse if used in conjunction with prescription or over-the-counter medications. Fugh-Berman reviewed studies conducted regarding the effects of the most frequently used herbal supplements, many of which are named above, uses of Use of herbal remedies in conjunction with other medications may result in the herbs mimicking, magnifying, opposing, or suppressing the effects of the drug (2000; Woodward, 2005). The study conducted by Niggeman & Gruber indicates the death of an asthmatic 29 year old male wile undergoing acupuncture and

What do UEL Students think about the Future of University Education Assignment

What do UEL Students think about the Future of University Education and Why - Assignment Example Because of the many concepts identified through research the study could not develop a workable hypothesis based on initial findings, the study took an inductive approach whereby the literature review was used to model questions for use in the primary study (Price 2011). The aim of the study based on the findings in the initial review of literature was to develop new models or explanations and understandings about the future of education through the lens of university students; an exploratory research approach. Initial research studies identified many different arguments about the future of education, including structural changes to the classroom, distance learning through e-systems, increasing tuition costs and even more interactive tools and instruments based on changing curriculum in-line with business evolution. The most common theme identified was the presence of e-learning as a foundation for the future of university education. Because of the enormous volume of literature on th e subject, e-learning became the focus of this primary study. Literature review E-learning is the use of various electronic applications and systems to promote educational learning. These include â€Å"web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom development and digital collaborations† all delivered through Internet, satellite television, CD-ROM and intranet systems. (Manochehr 2004: 10). According to a recent report published by the Sloan Foundation, e-learning systems have achieved a 12-14 percent growth rate since 2006 (Mihai, Sanciu and Aleca 2011). In the United States alone, as one example, there are currently 3.5 million students using online education systems within higher education environments (Mihai, et al.). It is forecasted that e-learning will, by 2014, be in 81 percent of global universities (Mihai, et al.). Another recent study with a sample population of 289 respondents, 189 of which were from higher education environments and 100 from corpo rations, identified current usage of electronic learning. In the study, 44 percent of respondents used blogs to teach, 53 percent video podcasts, 71 percent online courses, 56 percent social networks, 66 percent text messaging and 49 percent mobile broadband (The Economist 2008). What significantly supports the notion that e-learning could represent the future of university education is that this study consisted of respondents from Europe, The United States, Asia and other international countries (The Economist). There is significant growth in usership of e-learning systems both in universities and the business environment. According to Clark (1999) students who use distance learning via the Internet have similar performance levels to that of students taught in the physical university environment. The researcher conducted a study of student performances from 1928 to 1999 after cataloguing 355 different research reports during this 69 year period and discovered equal achievement with both types of learning (Clark). High achievement in distance learning via the Internet continues to make this teaching system an incentive for universities around the globe. Further, there is also significant growth rate in the use of social networking and video sharing sites on the Internet. According to the Copyright Clearance Center (2009), there were 12.7 billion Internet users that viewed videos in 2008, an increase of 34 percent from 2007. Video sites allow the instructor to post their lectures online at a low cost, thus providing education for users not only in Europe but around the globe. Sanborn, Santos,

Sociology 1006E Working Poor in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sociology 1006E Working Poor in Canada - Essay Example no particular poverty lines, which makes hinders the efforts to identify the appropriate interventions to reduce poverty among the most vulnerable groups (McQuillan & Ravanera, 66). Lee observes that poverty rose by 28.6% between 1990 and 1995 when there was a notable increase (6.1%) in the country’s total population (57). This increase was far more than economic growth in the country within that period. The metropolitan urban areas such as Montreal and Vancouver among others are inhabited by majority of the poor. Poverty among children and the youth, the aged and women is high which is indicator of the impact of poverty in the country due to the fact that children and the youth are the majority in the nation’s population. Majority of people with low levels of education such as below secondary are poor, even though there are more than 8% of poor people in cities who have attained post secondary education. The level of skills is also a major determinant of the poverty prevalence in the country, with the people with low skills being vulnerable to poverty (Beaujot & Kerr, 78). The country is faced with extensive layoffs as well as a reduction in permanent employment, downsizing in companies and declining social assistance rates. These have contributed to the rising levels of poverty. Globalization has significantly contributed to these occurrences especially with the improvements in communication, transport network as well as liberalization of trade, which has led to increased competition for the Canadian industries. Investors shifted their investment to the third world countries that apart from the low competition provide cheap labor compared to the Canadian labor force. This led to the closure of most companies in the country, thereby reducing employment opportunities especially for the unskilled labor (Liu & Kerr, 116). Moreover, there is an increasing trend towards computerization of most operations in many organizations, which is another major factor that

European free trade zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

European free trade zone - Essay Example The seven member countries of EFTA including Austria, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland were not willing to be the part of the European Economic Community at that time. Finland, Iceland, and Liechtenstein joined EFTA later. Under the EFTA treaty, the member countries made a partnership in order to form and manage a free trade zone, and they initially established such a region among themselves; the free trade area then eventually broadened to include the European Community. By the formation of a European free trade zone, the member countries aimed â€Å"increased productivity, a more efficient use of resources, the expansion of economic activity and full employment as well as promoting financial stability and improving living standards† (â€Å"European free trade area†). Gradually, some countries left the EFTA and presently the EFTA comprises Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. In 1992, EFTA made agreements with EEA (Euro pean Economic Area) to aid its members to join the European internal market freely. These agreements contained specific provision regarding the preservation of social policy, consumer rights, environment, and company law and statistics. In addition, the agreement also included various provisions for the mutual cooperation of EEA-EFTA Member States in various areas such as researches and development, information technology, education, industrial operations, tourism, multimedia sector and civil protection (â€Å"European free trade area†). As Ranchev and Georgi point out, in Southeast Europe, seven countries including Albania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Macedonia, and FR Yugoslavia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on 27th June 2001 for the establishment of a free trade zone in that area (1-13). After the collapse of the Iron curtain, two free trade areas namely Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA) and Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) were for med so as to stabilize the countries under these areas for membership of the EU. However, the original members from both these areas left the agreements and joined EU after the enlargement of EU in 2004. CEFTA has spread its operations to Southern Europe by adding members from Western Balkans and Moldova regions. The EU not only operates as a free trade area but it engages in more widespread operations with its predecessor, the European Economic Community. The EU offers services to EFTA members by sharing its single market through European Economic Area and it maintains provisions for making free trade agreements with most other European countries. Presently Europe includes three multi-lateral free trade areas in addition to the European Union which maintains a single market and one former-FTA. Crises to European Free Trade Zone The European free trade area has faced a large number of crises from the beginning of its history. Although, the free trade zone implementation process for Southeast Europe has been well structured, many economists opine that this trade liberalization process may result in adverse economic impacts. Ranchev and Georgi strongly argue that the concept of free trade zone would raise potential threats to the sustainable economic growth of the

No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

No - Essay Example In discussing Tiffany in the context of the forces considered in performing and environmental scan, it has been evident that the last couple of years, politics and economics have continued to play a critical role in driving different companies in the jewelry industry so as to stay competitive. The issue of blood diamonds continue to elicit mixed reactions. The current economic conditions has made the jewelry industry face a downturn especially in occasions like the Valentine’s Day and Christmas. The risks that Tiffany needs to consider in conducting its operations include the abundance of counterfeit goods which is adversely affecting the sales of the branded accessories for Tiffany. This is further worsened by the increasing internet retailing which continues to make Tiffany’s efforts in fighting counterfeit goods more challenging and consequently makes the company to lose its brand equity hence a threat because of increases customer dissatisfaction due to the detrimental image of the company. Another threat continues to be the slowdown in the US economy which continues to depress the purchasing power of the retail customers hence having a counter effect on the growth of revenue and the margins of the company. The fact that this does not augur well for retail chains like Tiffany makes it threat that needs serious consideration. To establish whether TIF can take on more debt, we computed the company’s debt ratio or capital gearing ratio which measures the proportion of debt finance capital employed by the company. The debt ratio of Tiffany is 43.41% hence the company’s financial position as regards to debts is healthy as it is less geared. The debt equity ratio provides a measure of the proportion of non-owner supplied funds to owner’s contribution. Tiffany’s debt equity ratio is 59.25% meaning that the

Materials Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materials Development - Assignment Example A wool carpet manufactured using this innovative system is a completely natural and biodegradable product. At the end of its useful life the entire product can be shredded and turned into organic material, which can then be used, for example, as fertilizer for growing plants. The work has been carried out for the Netherlands companies Bond Textile Research, Best Wool Carpets and James, which own the four patents on which this new biological technology is based. The so-called "cradle-to-cradle" model has been central to the work done by the team led by Tzanko Tzanov, a researcher with the Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology Group at the Universitat Polità ¨cnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTechs Terrassa Campus. The outcome is an enzyme-based biological technology that paves the way for three Netherlands companies to manufacture carpets that are much lighter, sustainable, biodegradable, and 100% recyclable. At the end of their useful life, the carpets can be used as fertiliser or subst rate for growing plants. The system saves a great deal of energy, completely closes the biological cycle for wool, and significantly reduces the final cost of carpet products. Universitat Polità ¨cnica de Catalunya (UPC). (2011, July 13). Innovative system for producing carpets.  ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 12, 2014 from

The independent variable Essay Example for Free

The independent variable Essay Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005, pg 8) Learning can occur from experience, classical conditioning or operant conditioning. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Aristotle theorized through his laws of association that information can be recalled through contiguity, similarity or contrast. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Using the frontal lobes of our brain the information can be manipulated to form ideas or thoughts both directly or abstractly from the knowledge that is stored in longterm memory. Learning is studied by the potential change or observable change in behavior. Studying the change in behavior provides researchers with an observable, measureable subject matter that is necessary in behavioral science. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The behavior is studied by identifying the variables. The relationship between the stimuli and the responses is the theoretical process called the intervening variable. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The dependent variable is the behavior. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The independent variable is what causes the change in behavior. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The complexity of human thought behavior makes it difficult to study learning. Because of this most learning studies are performed on animals. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) One exception would be Ebbinghaus who studied the relationship between learning irrelevant information like nonsense syllables and relevant information like Byrons Don Juan. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Ebbinghaus studied himself and methodically recorded the amount of times it took to master nonsense syllables and syllables that were familiar to theorize the associative process in learning. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Psychologists like Skinner and Pavlov used animals to study the learning process. Pavlov studied learning in dogs through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is where a conditioned response is used to cause a change in behavior. Pavlov documented a dogs unconditioned response to food which is an unconditioned stimulus. Dogs have a predisposition naturally to start salivating when food is introduced. This condition is innate and similar to  a persons reflex of pulling his or her hand away from a hot stove. Pavlov also showed that a condition stimulus like the sound of a bell alone will not cause a dog to salivate. Pavlov added a conditioned stimulus, the sound of a bell, to the unconditioned stimulus of introducing food. After repeating the conditioned stimulus several times the dogs learned that when the bell sounded that food was going to follow so the dogs would start salivating as soon as they heard the sound of the bell even if no food was presented. (Willingham, 2007)Skinner studied learning through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is different than classical conditioning because a choice is involved. The dogs did not have a choice but to salivate to the sound of the bell, but in operant conditioning a person would make a choice such as not eat fish if it has made them sick on a prior experience. Skinner used a skinner box made of Plexiglas with a grid floor that can be electrified and a lever that can be pressed that will deliver food to the animal, usually a rat, inside the box. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The box was used to test escape conditioning or avoidance conditioning. Escape conditioning occurs when the animal inside the Skinner box is given a negative stimulus, an electoral shock from the floor of the box, and the animal has to perform a behavior such as climbing onto a small shelf to turn off the shock stimulus. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Avoidance conditioning is a signal is activated just before the electric shock to get the animal to jump onto the shelf to avoid being shocked. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) In both of these scenarios the animal makes a choice as a result of the conditioned stimulus. Learning is the process in which knowledge is stored in memory. Aristotle first formulated the law of association to show a correlation between retrieval of nonfunctional knowledge. The law of similarity is the recalling of similar experiences or objects. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The law of similarity would be when a person learns something during training and later comes across a similar event or interaction. He or she would reinvent what was learned and apply it to the task or interaction based on his or her similar knowledge. (Fenwick, 2000). The law of contrast is recalling the opposite of something. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The law of contiguity is recalling something that was experienced at the same time as something else.  (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) These laws of association give a basis of cognition. A person goes to a fine dining restaurant and orders a tray of signature cheese spreads for the fresh baked bread. When the waiter brings the spreads the person hears the waiter express the imported quality, sees the display of the variety of spreads and the texture, smells the aroma, and taste the spread to be all that the waiter described. A year later the same person sees the cheese spread on the menu and recalls the contiguity of memories being stored about the smell, taste, texture and quality of the cheese and uses the knowledge to make a decision if he or she wants to order it again or not. References Fenwick, T. (2000). Expanding Conceptions of Experiential Learning: A Review of the Five Contemporary Perspectives on Cognition. Retrieved from http://aeq.sagepub.com at Apollo Group Inc. Hergenhahn, B., Olson, M. (2005). An Introduction to Theories of Learning (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice HallWillingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn4 Bacon.

Information Technology Advances In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Information Technology Advances In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay 4.1 Introduction Differentiation in competitive services virtually in all sectors has been characterized by growing commoditization Six Degrees, (2011) The purpose of this research was to identify the impact of Multi sensory marketing in Hotel industry, how modernization in Information technology trends reflect in Hotel industry and how International Hotel Chains compete in markets across India, UK and Singapore. The same has been discussed in Chapter 2 The surveys and interviews (structured and unstructured) generated the data apart from direct observations at brand agencies specialized in sensory branding. Throughout the process of research findings and gathering, the author was influenced (and indeed acted as a benefit) by the 5 years experience in hospitality industry. Communication therefore was smooth, flowing and evidently corporate as expected ensuring the interviewees were aware of the ethics followed in conducting this research. What acquainted as a golden thread in the research during the findings process were the objectives and research questions. Critical analysis of the impact of multi sensory marketing in Hotel industry Influence of Information technology on growth and development of Hotel industry Critical analysis of International Hotel chains and their competitive edge considering sensory branding in UK, India and Singapore. Recommendations on future research prospects, academic literature proposition and conclusion 4.2 Current trends in Hotel Industry The above topic is discussed in chapter 2, however the author has considered the impact of sensory branding in International Hotels considering each sense, what problems did International Hotels face and how the sensory branding strategies actually created a revolution. (Scentair, 2011) With the great economic crisis, political unrest, unfavorable factors evidently declined sales of travel accommodation by 4% in 2009 to  £10.3 Billion where London, Manchester and Edinburgh saw a decline in average daily room rate (ADR) by 8% (Euromonitor, 2009). Table 4.1 shows the Sales trend from 2004 2009 Even with these declining figures, restructuring, International Hotel Chains have ramped. (4hoteliers.com, 2011). Table 4.2.2 shows the World Travel Awards in Excellence, Business Services in Travel Accommodation, Nominees and the winners) Table 4.2.2 (Source: World Travel Awards, 2010) 4. 3 Information Technology advances in Hotel Industry The survey findings relating awareness of modernization in Hotel industry was time consuming. Unstructured interviews conducted at Ramada Jarvis Birmingham, Newcastle under Lyme, Marriott Birmingham, Hilton Park Lane reveal that the marketing triangle (consumers, organization and employees) were now remarkably aware how information technology influences corporate. Retail Travel giants like Tripadvisor forged a virtual relationship with consumers. My providing first hand information to consumers, the website translates the word of mouth into a World of mouth philosophy (Hotelmarketing.com, 2010). 88% of Tripadvisor visitors were influenced by the comments posted by first hand consumers. With corporate travel growing to 52% in travel and tourism in 2010, tripadvisor is one of the highly trusted sources for corporate buyers as well as domestic consumers. How a Guest iss purchasing decision influenced with Information Technology? The author has read a lot of articles of current trends introduced in information technology within the hotel industry. While conducting the unstructured interviews, the latest design in Information technology was a popular discussion. Accordingly, The InterContinental Hotel Group, introduced iPad2s in 10 hotels globally. The reason for doing so was to provide real time, recommendations to Guests (even corporate consumers). A 360 virtual concierge provide maps, videos and information (Melanie Nayer, 2011). Technology, space and color concepts create an edge to develop a Hotels persona, however more so is partially dependent on how functional the Hotel is. Enjoy the dream not only by luxury but also by scents, technology and experience. We bring happiness away from your everyday home Charles Yap, 2011 Table 4.3.1 shows the Sales value of Internet Transactions forecasted and actual. Between 2009 and 2010 there has been a growth of 8.9% in the internet transaction Sales. With corporate customer engagement channel in hotel industry (use of social media and information technology) travel consumers are engaged in mobile technology and virtual apps world. Because information is available in abundance on real time keeping consumers on a fast pace environments, the need to re centralize, change in marketing approaches have emerged in form of Customisation. This kind of hyper interactive behavior is termed as Impulse buying (Starkov, 2011). Gartner Inc, 2010 highlights a key factor to include while considering change in marketing strategies. Table 4.3.2 shows the 10 strategic technologies that will be implemented by hotel industry globally in 2011. (Please refer to video by Amadeus Jerome Destor, Director IT, Amadeus) and (Video by CIO Hyatt on IT in Hotel Industry) 4.4 Multi sensory Marketing in International Hotel Chain across UK, India and Singapore With dynamic changes in hotel industry, International giants are sustaining challenges. From Product extensions to Brandicide, meeting quality standards guaranteed globally in complex (Amadeus, 2011). What Hotels have now noticed is a shift in Paradigm. From a 2 dimensional approach to a 5 D holistic approach, because consumers demand sophistication in form of customization. The key to Business transformation is changing with time, adapting new environments, innovation and simplicity to emotional impact the customer experience. Building on this theory, the author noticed not much of innovational and change information is academically expressed in the marketing industry. What the author wants to convey is when Lecturers from universities across Manchester, Newcastle under Lyme , Stafford, Birmingham were interviewed to get an academic background, very little of information was actually discussed or observed. More surprisingly, some of the academic sources had interests in Hospitality industry and travel accommodation because of its diverse operations but yet Literature on hotel industry in Universities is limited in terms of Studying Modules. One of the reasons observed during interviews with Hoteliers and staff was of corporate rigidness, inflexibility to adapt or expose to new environments. Shockingly, Operations Manager Marriott Birmingham, Balaji Subramaniam along with Debbie Wyatts (HR and Events Manager) agreed to the extent of this rigidness. They added, Inflexibility has always been associated with Hotel industry because it is diverse and seasonal, of course we would like to share the Best practices with healthy competition. Senior Manager, Mark Starfov (Ramada Jarvis Group) shared that hotel industry or rather hospitality is closely linked to sophistication. That itself describes why the industry is not open to discussions or changes. Mark added that considering the economic crisis there could be a shift in their approaches but the corporate thinking a nd operations (rigid he claims) is always evident. Table 4.4.1 shows the impact of each form of sensory element interlinked yet utilized in marketing across these International Hotel Chains in UK, India and Singapore. To conduct the questionnaire survey, survey monkey tool was used. The survey was done in 3 parts. Part 1 and 2 for corporate users across India, Singapore and UK in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad, London, Manchester , Birmingham and Newcastle under Lyme. Part 3 of the survey was a questionnaire discussing employee engagement and their awareness of sensory branding associated in their Chain Hotel. In order to understand the effects on purchasing decision few experiments included blind folding customers to understand how sensory environments are created (Heston, 2011). Four commonly used Mild fragrances were used to understand the customer experience phenomena. Also for Tactile Influence purposes, fruit flavored ice candies were used. What was particularly changed was the taste and color. Since interviewees were blind folded, ice candies like orange, pineapple, raspberry and vanilla were used to understand the pallets. However as we all know the color of Orange is o range, this time the author used Edible food coloring in Ice candies that changed the color from what consumers perceived. Again understanding that these interviewees were highly sophisticated all ethical aspects were discussed with prior permission. As we eat with our eyes, visual perception has always been the first element to influence purchasing decisions (Ramsay, 2009) When the interviewees were unfolded, they were shocked to notice the particular blend of flavor and color and admitted that there can be a shift in visual perception. Considering Scent marketing to be highly expensive and social, fragrances used included Rainforest (blend of aromatic spices with patchouli), Fresh Linen (Lavender, Orange and Caribbean Sea salt), Gardenia (Floral aromas with hint of citrus extracts) and Fresh Magnolia (vanilla and chocolate with lavender verbena and hints of aromatic ginger root). Each of the above mentioned were experimented at Marriott, IHG hotels, Ramada Jarvis, Hilton Park Lane and Westin Group Hotels with the help of Britains only sensory branding scent development company Scentair. Figure 4.4.1 shows the impact of sensory branding in Hotel Industry globally Figure 4.4.1 The sense of Visual Marketing The question is not what you look at, but what you see Henry David Thoreau cited by Lindstorm, 2005 From Figure 4.4.1 it is evident that marketers have only been targeting the visual impact of products and services, however the rest 4 senses are rationally ignored. Color, space and architecture included in the experiential branding are part of the Visual Holistic Marketing concept. (Aroma Logo, 2010). How can a sense as strong as this be interlinked with the others. In earlier chapter the experiment done clearly indicated that when Ice candies were provided to B2B customers, on seeing the ice candies, considering color, texture, individuals created a perception. To carve innovation in a perception involves high concentration on impulse timings and reactions from consumers. The focus on Customer engagement plays a vital role. Naturally because we eat with our eyes, consumers witnessed a shift in paradigm as the color of the ice candies actually differed to the flavor. (Lindstorm, 2005). To create a sophisticated impacting environment, during the survey 92% of the individuals said th e lobby was the most impressive part of the hotel, with proper lighting and Staff Uniforms being the highlight (Survey Monkey, 2011). The sense of Auditory Marketing in Hotel Industry Rhythm is a spice of life. As the Inuit asks the visitor out of the cold:Speak so I may see you. Add a voice, even a whisper, so that the other is really there David Rothenberg cited by Lindstorm 2005 Survey conducted indicated, 75% of B2B guests preferred the music in Lobbies, restaurants and passages. Ronal E. Millman published a study in the Journal of Consumer Research indicating that if the tempo is precise, music played in the background actually affected the service stations particularly hotel restaurants and events. The slower the music the more time guests spend at these places. Another experiment at the Ramada Jarvis, Newcastle revealed that when background music was stopped at the Lobby, guests rather would not prefer waiting or move to another area where music is played. 55% of the individuals said that they prefer to conduct meetings, events, conferences in places where music is customized and according to their needs. While 77% said that the tempo makes changes in the mood, on Fridays if the tempo of the music is high, loud on Bose components, more people start visiting pubs and restaurants. While 78% of those that were occupying the hotel said, it helps them relax w hen music is soft and base. Contradicting attributes but works in the hotel industry. For hotels like Hilton, InterContinental that bank of their In house pubs on Fridays and Saturdays impressing with elegance via music is quick pro (Rocha, 2011)

Organizational and Management Theories

Organizational and Management Theories Introduction: Organizational behavior is the backbone of any business. It is used to study about the internal character and the external character of the people in the firm. Organizational behaviour is the study of how individuals and groups perform together within an organization. It focuses effectively on managing individuals, groups, organizations, and processes (Steven Stralser, 2004). Organizational behavior is convenient shorthand that refers to the numerous interrelated influences on and patterns of behaviour of people within organizations. (Porter, Lawler and Hackman) The culture of the organization can be measured in the terms of the individuals, group as well as from the whole organization. So for the purpose of analyzing the factors that affect the organization we need to analyze the factors that will affect the character of the individual, group as well as the whole organization. The organization will run in different ways inside. Most of the times this is formal and sometimes this is informal as well. Most of the problems residing in the company are based on the interpersonal problems. To over come the problems within the employees the company has managed to come up with few ideas. Understanding Organizational Behavior Evolution of management: Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. (David S. Walonick, Ph.D.) Scientific approach of management: (1) (2) The scientific management was formulated by Frederick Winslow Taylor (often called Taylorism) in the years of late 19th century in order to increase the productivity in the firm. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control. Most of the principles are applicable to almost all the organizations and it was widely accepted by the firms in that time. The main objective that stands with this theorem is to gain economic growth by improving the labor productivity. All the things needed to increase the productivity of the firm had been included in this theorem. Taylor noticed most of the problems with the workers in terms of the intelligence, creativity, talent, motivation, skills and more. These differences are the main reason for the low productivity in the firm. Taylor was a lathe operator and foreman. The scientific approach developed by the Taylor is the first to use the science to weigh the value of the individual workers. He said that taking the decisions of the industry just by the wish of the decision maker and the thumb rule should be omitted and the importance should be given more to the careful study of the process of taking the decision. More analysis has to be done before taking any kind of decisio n. It created new era in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Most of the firms in those days accepted the theorem as the new way to increase the productivity rather than taking the decisions by using the old imposed methods. The Taylors theorem was first coined as the term shop management or process management. Later it was changed to the name scientific management. This method is implemented in most of the firms to reduce the wastage of the resources and increasing the productivity in the company. Most of the industries in those days were based on product development. There were fewer firms based on the services oriented. So it was well applicable to those time period/ but later it was falling in the negative side, as it was giving more importance to the part of improving the productivity that the human value. For example, during one of Taylors own implementations, a strike at the Watertown Arsenal led to an investigation of Taylors methods by a U.S. House of Representatives committee, which reported in 1912. The conclusion was that scientific management did provide some useful techniques and offered valuable organizational suggestions, but it gave production managers a dangerously high level of uncontrolled power. After an attitude survey of the workers revealed a high level of resentment and hostility towards scientific management, the Senate banned Taylors methods at the arsenal. (3) Certainly Taylorisms negative effects on worker morale only added more fuel to the fire of existing labor-management conflict, which frequently raged out of control between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. Thus it inevitably contributed to the strengthening of labor unions, which was the opposite of any of Taylors own hopes for labor relations. That outcome neutralized most or all of the benefit of any productivity gains that Taylorism had achieved. Thus its net benefit to owners and management ended up being small or negative. It would take new efforts, borrowing some ideas from Taylorism but mixing them with others, to produce a winning formula. Classical theory of management: The classical theory of management has done most of its work on the flow of the control and the decision making capacity in an organization. It splits the organization into three levels based on the power they are having in changing the firm with their decisions. They are classified as top level management, middle level management, and Low level management. The top level management comprises of the directors and other board members who have the authority to take the decisions of the firm by themselves. In might include any acquisitions to be made, opening new departments, expanding in the international markets, applying innovations to create a new product, closing productivity of existing products etc. All the strategies that are going to affect the firm in a major aspect will have its birth from the table of the top level management. The middle level management is the supervisors who carry the decisions made by the top level to the bottom level. The middle level management is there to manage the decisions taken and to process those things to split the work among the different personnel across the organization. The low level persons are the real workers of the firm. They are the ones who execute the plans and the decisions of the top level management and the middle level management. These bottom line workers are the labors who were working for the hourly wage or sometimes as contractors. Most of the individuals in this level are low thinkers and capable of doing things they got expertise in. Hawthorne studies: (4) The Hawthorne effect an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important. Along with Frederick Taylors work, this study gave rise to the field known as Industrial Psychology as social group influences and interpersonal factors must also be considered when performing efficiency research such as time and motion studies. The major finding of the study was that almost regardless of the experimental manipulation employed, the production of the workers seemed to improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the workers were pleased to receive attention from the researchers who expressed an interest in them. The study was only expected to last one year, but because the researchers were set back each time they tried to relate the manipulated physical conditions to the workers efficiency, the project extended out to five years. Four general conclusions were drawn from the Hawthorne studies: The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance. Although they give some indication of the physical and mental potential of the individual, the amount produced is strongly influenced by social factors. Informal organization affects productivity. The Hawthorne researchers discovered a group life among the workers. The studies also showed that the relations that supervisors develop with workers tend to influence the manner in which the workers carry out directives. Work-group norms affect productivity. The Hawthorne researchers were not the first to recognize that work groups tend to arrive at norms of what is a fair days work; however, they provided the best systematic description and interpretation of this phenomenon. The workplace is a social system. The Hawthorne researchers came to view the workplace as a social system made up of interdependent parts. Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Abraham Maslow developed a theory of personality that has influenced a number of different fields, including education. This wide influence is due in part to the high level of practicality of Maslows theory. This theory accurately describes many realities of personal experiences. Maslow has set up a hierarchy of five levels of basic needs. Beyond these needs, higher levels of needs exist. These include needs for understanding, esthetic appreciation and purely spiritual needs. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied or the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on. Maslows basic needs are as follows: Physiological Needs These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the persons search for satisfaction. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviours, the needs for security can become active. Adults have little awareness of their security needs except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting). Children often display the signs of insecurity and the need to be safe. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge. Maslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. Needs for Esteem When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless. Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do that which the person was born to do. However, it is not always clear what a person wants when there is a need for self-actualization. (from Psychology The Search for Understanding by Janet A. Simons, Donald B. Irwin and Beverly A. Drinnien West Publishing Company, New York, 1987) The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization as below: The above theories give rise to the necessity of Human relations and team dynamics which play a major role in the successful performance of a company. Human Relations: (5) Human relations can be defined as the cordial atmosphere in an organization in which people practice the art of living in such a way that they communicate, act, interact and transact in a cordial manner recognizing each others needs, views, values and temperaments so that every interaction and transaction which takes place in an organization would have concern for each others interests and feelings leading to better motivation and morale of people at all levels in the organization. The business organizations of today, and days to come, must employ and manage educated and enlightened human beings in their work force, in place of traditional, illiterate and less ambitious man power. Team dynamics: (6) Team Dynamics are the unseen forces that operate in a team between different people or groups. Team Dynamics can strongly influence how a team reacts, behaves or performs, and the effects of team dynamics are often very complex. It is the responsibility of the manager to look into the group regarding the communication issues. The managers have to make sure that there are no personal disputes in the group and the communication mode is perfect in making the decisions within the group. And the authority given for a person is used in the right way and has never been misused. The responsibility to make sure that the ideas of any individuals are freely opening in the group resides with the manager. The group is made of individual characters. Hence the dispute between any two of the characters will lead to the destruction of the whole team. The team is made up of different people, different gender, from different location so they have to develop the skills to learn from each other. They should find the opportunity in the difficult times. Thats the real way to learn the things. People from different location can learn each others way of living, way of habit, their cultures and more. Even there may be difference in t he way of learning. So, all the things will be helpful in a team. The size of the team will also sometimes influence the way of attraction or the way that is causing the dispute between people. If the size of the team is too small in a single digit, then managing that group is somewhat easier than the other. Some of the people in a group will actively participate in all the works of the group. But others used to avoid such things. They wont actively participate in the team events. Some of the positive aspects about the team dynamics are as follows: This drags others in the team to get into the discussion, So that the team friendliness increases. Will increases the social feel to the group and the people start taking the things at ease. Remove their hesitation to play and having fun with other. And that kind of friendship asks them to be more informal and make their minds free of the stress. So the people will not have to expect the motivation and encouragement from any of the formal persons or through the beneficiary acts. Their team members are there to please them at the needed time. But it has some negative effects too. If two people were friends in a group, then the other people might find it difficult to get between them. So eventually there will be two sub groups. Most of the information passed through these groups is not passed to other group. Social culture within them gets spoiled and the people are not actively participating in each others activities. The decision making of the group is to be done without the intervention of one of the groups. The miscommunication within the team will lead to the poor performance from that team. At the time of problem the members of the group have to find the solutions as a team. This will reduce the processing time of the problems as well as bring out lots of alternative solutions for a single problem. Likewise the solution may be innovative and smart and sometime it will reduce the amount of resource we need to reduce. Thus it reduces the cost of implementing the solution. Let us consider an example to understand team dynamics: Suppose in a small team of six people working in one office there are two people who have a particularly strong friendship. This friendship is a natural force that may have an influence on the rest of the team, and can be manifest in various ways, either positively or negatively. The positive effect of a strong friendship in a team might be: The friends communicate a lot together which naturally results in other members being drawn into the discussion which results in a good social feel to the group which makes people enjoy being in the group which improves motivation and commitment The negative effect of a strong friendship might be: To cause the other four people to feel excluded which means they are less likely to include the two friends in decision making which means that there are likely to be two sub-groups which means that information may not flow across the whole group, but only within the subgroups which means that miscommunication may lead to misunderstanding and poor collective performance Case Study: To discuss the organizational structure and its patterns lets look into the following case study on Wipro Technologies Wipro Technologies is one of the largest IT services firm in India that has been started in the year of 1985, by Azim Premji. The Wipro Technologies is the subsidiary of Wipro limited started first as the company that produced the sunflower oil and 787 laundry soap. The IT services of the Wipro are being providing its services to the companies in Europe, America, Japan and almost all the parts of the world. The company majorly operates in three segments such as Global services India and Asia pacific services Consumer care and lightning The company is having it services in almost all the parts of the business such as health care, insurance, banking, military, hospital, mobile, finance, media, business management and more. The services provided by the Wipro are as database management, customer relationship management, business consulting, business intelligence, network management, testing services, enterprise application development, security applications and more. Wipro is one of the IT firms that is giving importance to the innovations of the tag line Wipro Applying Thought Wipro is having more than 40 centers of excellence that provide solutions to the number of industries across the nation. With its unmatched business solutions through the process excellence, service delivery innovations innovation, Wipro is the first company to receive the CMMI level 5 in the software services company. And also to receive the IEEE software process award by a company that is outside of the United States. Wipro has strong faith in the innovation and according to them the innovation will act as a significant partner in developing the business and achieving high goals. The top management of the Wipro was keen in looking for the innovation within the organizations. The top management believes that to become top most in the IT servicing firms, it has to make lots of changes in the innovative way. Some of the innovations made within the company as per the recent trends are introduction of home networking, wireless communications and workplace collaboration. Wipro is the first company to make the multiprocessor systems in India and making mini computer along with the compiler that was written in India. In the later years the company made its step into the IT related services. By the years of 1990s it became one of the notable firm in providing the IT related services. After the Infosys and the Tata consultancy services, Wipro is the major software exporter of India. After globalization started making impact on the world market, the IT service providing in India got a boom. Wipro was one among them to take their ship in that wave and was successful eventually. However, just like any other organizations, Wipro has its own flaws and was not an exception, where the employees face the same challenges as any other IT firm would face. Below are some of the common problems faced by the individuals in a software firm: Benching: Whenever the software industry is in need to get the status of the multi national company they will have to show some internal status to get that MNC grade. For that they have to implement their offices for development as well as marketing in other nations also. Likewise they have to show the certain number of employees working in their company. Accordingly, more than the required number of employees will be employed for the projects. As some of the employees would not be assigned to any of the projects, they will be idle and this process is called being on Bench. During the bad economic times and recession they will terminate the employment of those who are not assigned to any of the send out the persons who were not assigned with any of the projects. The job of a person in the MNCs is not safe. But that person is provided with the huge salary. Technical up gradation: Most of the people in the software firm fail to update themselves with the software field needs updating frequently. Without the up gradation of knowledge no one can survive in the field. Since it is the emerging domain, employees have to keep themselves well prepared. The firms will keep on training the persons with new technology and keep on appraising on the basis of their knowledge. The persons showing poor result during the appraisals would be de-promoted or thrown out of the firm at any time. So, unless and until the employees keep themselves updated with the growing needs, their jobs are in danger. Inadequate Time span: The employees are getting less time to finish their projects and the companies are looking for cutting the unwanted cost and to gain more. The employees are stressed more to accomplish the tasks. So the software engineers are expected to put more hours to work which not only affects the potential of the individuals but also the work-life balance of ones life. Lack of training: Most of the people in the software firm are not getting enough training when they are placing them in new project with new technology. They are supposed to learn all those sort of new technologies by themselves. So their work will not have perfection. High stress: It is not the kind of job for the people who are not capable for solving their solving their stress. Because the software domain jobs are highly payable, it also produces more stress in you than other jobs. People work on their computers for longer periods of time without any movement around and cannot be felt relieved from stress. Though the entities are concentrating on the stress management programs, employees are not able to find value in them, as at the end of the day the project work is your first responsibility. Recommendations for effective Management for the above discussed problems: (6) Developing effective management skills to deal with specific challenges and problems of each organization is the urgent needs of many businesses and organizations in the global competitive environment, rapid changing of technology and environment. The new tendency of training and development of successful organizations over the world today is developing effective skills in dealing with specific challenge of their own organization to reach their own mission and objectives in the new organization that characterized by networked, flat, flexible, diverse, global organization. An effective management should have the following skills. Creative Problem Solving Skills: This includes identifying the cause of the problem, analyzing the problem and developing and implementing a creative and sensible approach for the problem Communication Skills: The effective communication should ideally include listening, presentation and report writing skills where the employees should be provided adequate training and awareness on. Conflict Management Skills: Management should capable of identifying any sources of conflict, understanding the style of conflict resolution and should be able to choose the best strategy for dealing the conflict Self-Awareness and Improvement: The management should emphasize on the concept of self-management and the effectiveness of self-management. This can be done by developing a holistic thinking and understanding the emotions in the work place of the employees Traditional versus Contemporary Organizational structure and Culture: (7) Traditional organizations emphasize a strict division of labor, top-down decision-making, and extensive rules and procedures where as on the other hand the contemporary design flattens the traditional pyramid structure, facilitates the flow of information to all parts of the organization and reduces response time to external and internal demands. It is to be noted that the traditional organization is a pyramid with a president at the top, a few vice presidents, and layers of management and the majority of employees at the bottom. Jobs are specialized, and information and authority flow from higher to lower levels. Wipro Technologies has been following the traditional organizational structure when it has first started with the production of sunflower oil and laundry soaps, until it entered the IT market. However, as the times passed by, due to the expansion of the firm in to global market with a variety of services, it chose to follow the modern organizational structure to grow as per the industry standards. In the modern times, especially for an organization like Wipro where it has emerged in to the global markets, the contemporary or the modern organizational structure suits the best as it is in par with the changing times. Conclusion: Thus, it is very evident that all the organizational and management theories put forward are to help the organizations to be successful in terms of their individual employees, groups, management and environmental changes. The organizations choose the type of organizational structure to be followed, either modern or traditional depending on the vision, industry and the market approach of the firm. It is no be noted that the individual employees contribute to the major part of the firms success and therefore the management should always bear in mind the human relations and team dynamics with in the organization while effectively managing the groups.

Greenspan: The Man Behind Money Essay -- Essays Paapers

Greenspan: The Man Behind Money In Justin Martin's book Greenspan: The Man Behind Money, the life of Dr. Alan Greenspan, a man whose expertise in economics has dramatically influenced the state of the U.S. economy, is told from a historical perspective and in a semi-chronological order. Alan Greenspan grew up in New York City's Manhattan. After his parents divorced he went to live with his mother and her parents. Greenspan's father rarely visited, yet when he did, Greenspan was extremely happy. This detail struck an emotional cord in that it was evident Greenspan strived to succeed not only for himself but also for the approval of his father. Greenspan's father was a NY Stock Broker and published a book entitled, Recovery Ahead, a book about President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the state of the economy. The book had the following inscription: "May this my initial effort with a constant thought of you branch into an endless chain of similar efforts so that at your maturity you may look back and endeavor to interpret the reasoning behind these logical forecasts and begin a like work of your own. Your Dad." (4) This would eventually become Greenspan's mission in life. Although he saw his father few times during his adult life, his father surely new of his son 's success through all of the media attention Greenspan received over the years. Greenspan was influenced by his mother, books, and by mentors in his life. While in attendance at Columbia University, Greenspan took a seminar on business cycles, taught by Arthur Burns. On the first day of class, Professor Burns asked the following question, "What causes inflation?" then said, "Excess government spending causes inflation." Greenspan having read John Maynard Keyne... ...strife of the poor was received with boo's and anger. He quickly realized the insensitivity of what he had said and apologized. The book mentions that from his educational background, work experience, and his time at his Economic firm Alan Greenspan was destined to become Chair of the federal reserve, but regardless of the career he had chosen, it seems that Greenspan was destined to succeed-period. After reading this book, I am not only thoroughly impressed by Chairman Greenspan, but I also understand Economics from a historical standpoint and its affect on my life-past, present, and future. Justin Martin went to great lengths to, in detail, explain the principles behind economics in such a way that made it easy to understand and enjoyable to read. Works Cited Martin, Justin. Greenspan: The Man Behind Money. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing, 2000.