Societal Impact on Fixed Value Systems

Societal Impact on Fixed Value Systems Free Online Research Papers Societal Impact on Fixed Value Systems The dynamic of values subjected through the mind set of individuals directly is a result of the consequences of the environment we are subjected to. Effective relationships with a myriad set of vendors, customers, stakeholders and clients requires applying basic ethical principles when associating and forming linkages with people and organizations that can have an effect on your life and livelihood. I intend to explore how my own personal constitution is the bedrock upon which value judgments are decided. Culture emanates from a set of moral principles that guide and shape our values. Cultural and personal values are shaped in our formative years, providing a guide to the nature of our identity and how we identify with others in a social context. Being responsible, and virtuous or true necessitates adherence to laws and norms that govern aspects of our interactive behavior. Therefore, cultural behavior is shaped by cultural, organizational and personal values. These values then, define the ways in which we interact on a professional scale, whether in the workplace or the community. We are not only creatures of habit- our fundamental principles shape and guide the decisions that we make that are most functional and palatable to us. In part, the rationale for justifying learned, agreed and patterned states of behavior is based on not only obeying the law because we have to, but laws in and of themselves do not constitute ethical behavior. The law and principles that are established could be argued are standards for ethics, but only in a free society where laws are established by the consent of the governed. Societies that have no barriers between church and state apply no official sanction for what is considered wrong or right and justice can be metered out by the state, the community, or the family. Hence, individuals are responsible for their actions, but not their decisions. In this society we are subject to the whims of popular discourse, new regulations, outdated laws that no longer apply and the like. People routinely leave their children in hot cars in the summer, not realizing it is dangerous or against the law now. Others don’t follow township regulations and water their grass on uneven days, for example. The rude fan at the football game who spills a cup of beer on you while cheering or the lady who refuses to take off her hat in church don’t realize that it sometimes is not them, but you who face the consequences of shame and/or disillusionment because a) that is not my team or b) you don’t speak on a lady’s fashion at church. I do not presuppose that laws are made to be broken but some in our society have taken to a fundamentally individual focus on extremism. Without regard to practicality and common sense, ever since I became culturally aware and more socially conscious, I have noticed this subtle shift in attitudes to a more sub strata type of co existence in my society. From Hollywood stereotyping during the exploitative filmmaking era of the 1970s that characterized young African American men and women as hustlers, pimps and hookers; to the gangsta rap era of drive bys, drug sales and casual sex, I have witnessesed and experienced firsthand the novelty of freedom of expression but the despair and distraughtness over the realities of unencumbered free association. For example Gordon from Sesame Street was one of the most stereotypical black Hollywood actors as a pimp and a hustler, yet progressed career wise into a paternal father-uncle figure to children once he received a measure of success. Just last week personally I was going to get beat up by a friend of my brother’s who kept impaling me with ideas like ‘everythi ng in life ain’t all about school’, ‘you act like but you don’t know you(‘re) a ‘God’, a reference by members of the Nation of Gods and Earths that men are gods and women are earths. I had had these issues before, up until about 15 years old in school and until about 25 ‘on the street’. Now that most of my peers have matured, little of this subjugation based on education remains but is often taken for granted to not speak on educational attainment as an unspoken show of mutual respect to those who have learned how to survive in the street or as a form of endearment to elders who may have had to work hard and struggle to provide for us without the benefits an education brings. The focus, instead is material and expressive. It focuses on the ‘bling’ or flashy jewelry, money, cars, fine homes and other aspects that satisfy our basic needs of food, clothing and shelter as espoused by Maslow, but are more of a status symbol of what one is able to get away with, by any means, (but not necessary). According to Nonis, Sarath, Swift, Cathy O. (2001), for example, situational factors may cause different value dimensions to have more or less of an influence in different contexts. Sometimes this manifests itself in many unusual ways of socializing, such as going to work in Grosse Pointe watching customers grab their kids, purses, bags, lock their cars and all that while I have several degrees, 2 jobs, volunteer in the community and seek support and investment. But does it justify the manager who socializes with the line staff, playing video games and chasing women while on the clock, because the most efficient team is on the floor? Or how about the six year veteran of the company who takes a little here and there from donations to a non profit organization, because oh, they’re all millionaires (founders, sponsors or benefactors) and they won’t miss a few grand. Byrd (2005) suggests students so often think of themselves as powerless that they neglect to look at their lives in terms of the decisions they have made. They do not see that one bad decision can transform them from a student with friends, a car and a room of their own to a lonely individual in a ten-by-twelve cell. We must accept that humility and a willingness to listen should form the basis for rational decision making. Filtering out extraneous messages and delineating the best course of action is a consequence of correct behavior. For example, who wouldn’t jaywalk to catch a fleeing bus or to hail a passing taxi? Only by peaceful nonviolent protest for example, can we petiton city hall or picket unfair labor practices. However, jostling in line to get great tickets to the big game or sleeping outside the electronics store to get a free laptop may be fraught with insecurities and uncertainties about what standards we accept as ethical or right. Imagine the dilemma faced by a social worker who won’t tell a young girl’s parents that she is pregnant. Confidentiality agreements and codes of ethics regulate us and hinder the capacity for freedom of thought and action. What if that same worker pressured a physician to perform an abortion to save face, money and attentio n given to the matter all the way around? Some of the principles we learned I felt assumed we always base our relationships with people based on our core cultural values. That is, expectations will be set before you even speak with someone, or form an opinion about their behavior, or characteristics that may or may not have been acquired or acquiesced but on existential traits that cant be truths only hypotheses. I recently got my first 76 in the mystery shop score, a tool our organization (Staples) uses to measure customer satisfaction. The customer complained I had bad karma. But my super had us hustling to clean up and make the store more attractive to ostensibly cover him when the corporate VP came by for a visit. I brought the issue up to my super because I wanted to show that I found out about it and understood that he was held responsible for such a gaffe that I had never had any issue with before. But our organizations core values place the focus on team to the public, but the responsibibility on the individual (i.e. what if this got in the news, what would your mother think). Responsibility carries with it an awesome measure of power that can influence the way people think. The only consequence, therefore is whether or not we can assess how fair in our dealings, tradings, selling and promotion we can be. Acting out of self determination does not relieve us of our words, ways and actions but external variables can make us creatures of habit, making little conscious effort to remain true to ourselves when living, working and playing within the context of an even larger network of presuppositions, expectations and norms. George Fotis (1996) explains that with balanced self discipline, this person listens, and therefore, communicates well. This individual is tactful and highly persuasive, adapts to new situations and is objective, yet sensitive to the feelings and needs of others. I don’t want to become a bitter old man, waxing paradoxically about what could have been, what breaks I didn’t get, or who wasn’t in my corner. I cant bring back the past, no matter how much I can relive an idyllic lifestyle or wish to bring back 1976. But my community, my religion, my company, my country, my school all keep me grounded to the environment that shapes my life. When I decide to run for an office, I know that socially you have to go to the right church, marry the right woman, be raised in the right family and have the right politics, I have no problem with that, nor with stating any differences I have with any subgenre of those issues. But when I feel that I have measured what I have to give I want to follow Tait’s example, †¦the true role of public servants is not just to serve â€Å"customers† but also to balance the interests and preserve the rights of citizens. For this perspective, renewal of the public service does not mean choosing between the â€Å"traditional† and â€Å"new† values. Rather, serving the public interest in some instances, means finding the appropriate balance between them. References and Citations Byrd, Ronald E. (2005). Decision-Making. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, curriculum unit 80.06.03. Retrieved October 11, 2005 from yale.edu./ynhti Colero, Larry. ethics.ubc.ca/papers/invited/colero.html, visited October 14, 2005. Fotis, George W. Management Review. New York: Dec 1996. Volume 85, Issue 12; pg. 46, 2 pages. Nonis, Sarath, Swift, et al., (May/Jun 2001). Personal Value Profiles and Ethical Business Decisions. Journal of Education for Business, 08832323, 8 pages. Tait, J. (1997). A strong foundation: Report of the Task Force on Publis Service Values and Ethics (the summary). Canadian Public Administration/ Administration publique du Canada, 40, 1-22. 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Essay Sample on Significance of Technology to Business Strategy

Essay Sample on Significance of Technology to Business Strategy Pharmaceutical companies are considered as one among many stakeholders within the health care system that is contributing effectively to patients’ health care around the world and as well as these companies contributing to each country’s economy. From early times, each tribe depended on their ‘Medicine Man’ who was responsible in treating individuals within their community, applying witchcraft and some herbal medicine. With the advancing years and the appearance of empires and expansionism, physicians were able to collect herbs from the four corners of their empires, but the pharmaceutical manufacturing remained to be confined within individuals. However, after World War Two, and after the discovery of Penicillin companies started to pay attention to the importance of pharmaceutical industry and its ability to contribute to the national health care and economy. Thus, from the second half of the twentieth century, the pharmaceutical industry and the research revolving around it had advanced rapidly more than the last two thousand years. Nowadays, the pharmaceutical companies are investing millions of dollars into research in order to find cures and/or palliative treatments for patients suffering from severe and chronic diseases such as HIV, cancer in various forms, heart disease, diabetes, severe hyperlipidemia etc. Among the most recent research that pharmaceutical companies are concentrating on is the development of a high-tech medical device used for patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus Type I. The research is still in its early stage where this device could be implemented under or attached to the skin, which is in the form of a pump, and could release insulin immediately in response to a decrease in the blood glucose level in the extracellular area to prevent hyperglycemic attacks. The research is concentrating on two phases: the molecular level of insulin, receptors, and signals, and how the pump could respond to the signals in order to release insulin from the pump and sent at a certain level, already the pump could measure the required dose, to the extracellular region. The other high-tech medical equipments that pharmaceutical companies are concentrating on in their research are those that are needed to treat autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematous disease, Scleroderma, mixed connective tissue diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, etc. As for these high-tech medical equipments their role in treatment, prevention or elimination of antigens are still in their primary stage and require extensive trials for many years in order to provide us with excellent data concerning their ability in eliminating the antigens, and preventing the development of antigens as a result of these diseases. However, they are still considered important high-tech medical equipments that could contribute tremendously in decreasing morbidities and mortalities, in general, among White Caucasian race as well as other nations suffers. At the same time, the financial returns for the pharmaceutical will be tremendous when these high-tech equipments are successful in being utilized by disease sufferers. As for the unit price for an insulin pump it should be affordable to all patients’ sufferers around the world irrespective of the GDP of each nation. While for the autoimmune equipments their purchase is dependable on health institutions rather than individuals; thus, their unit price could be unified to all countries as a one standard price. The financial budget that should be allocated for marketing their strategy, for these equipments, requires less promotion because the insulin pump could market itself by itself as the news of its success comes out to the public by being promoted by hospitals, medical centers, and community centers; the autoimmune medical equipments will be promoted by the health institutions by referring patients from the outpatient department to the medical centers those involved in operating these kinds of equipments. If and when these two researches succeed millions of people around the world will benefit from these methods of treatments by reducing morbidities and mortalities among disease sufferers. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical companies who are investing in these kinds of researches will generate millions or billions of dollars in revenues for the coming 50-100 years.   By using these technologies it will be a great benefit for mankind and a huge profit return for the pharmaceutical companies in maintaining their leading role within this industry. Since the world’s major important pharmaceutical companies exists in the western world and part of South East Asia and Far East Asia; thus, these countries will maintain in dominating and monopolizing the world’s manufactured medical technologies. This is a sample Business essay written by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, dissertation/thesis, feel free to contact our company now.

Compare and Assess Rawls and Nozick's Theories of Justice Essay

Compare and Assess Rawls and Nozick's Theories of Justice - Essay Example By using social contract as a device he formulated his theory on ethical basis which has been quite opposing to the concepts of utilitarianism. He further provided justification about the concept of re-distribution of wealth based upon the individualist assumptions. This philosophical work of Rawls has been quite inspirational for both the social democratic and the liberals. He also presented his theory on â€Å"justice as fairness† that highlighted two core principles i.e. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others (this principle reflects a traditional liberal commitment to formal equality) Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged; and (B) attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (this so-called 'difference principle) points towards a significant measure of social inequ ality According to the Rawls theory the material inequalities can only be justified when they are used to be of advantage to those who are least well-off. This theory of Rawls is well-matched to the concept of a market economy whereby the re-distribution of wealth is done in terms of tax and welfare systems that ultimately leads to disincentive to firms and ultimately turns out disadvantageous for the least well-off. The egalitarianism of Rawls is based on the social contract theory however there is also some contradiction as he starts with a very liberal assumption about humans and then gives very broad conclusion in terms of egalitarianism considering distribution of wealth as fair by the people(hawk n.d.). Robert NozicksTheory of Anarchy, State and Utopia The major philosophical work presented by Robert Nozick was in 1974 as â€Å"Anarchy, State and Utopia† in which he presented a libertarianism point of view. According to this theory he rejects the belief of those having welfare views in terms of modern liberalism however he endorsed the concept of minimal state. Nozick placed his view of justice and equality upon the idea of entitlements and rights. This ideology is somewhat reflective of the notion of distributive thought presented by Aristotle and Plato in which they suggested that the material benefits should correspond to the worth of an individual. According the views presented on rights it is believed that the inequality in material is justifiable in this way that the talent and willingness of a person to work are unequally distributed. The basis of Nozicks work is to distinguish between the historical principles of justice and the end-state principles. According to his view the needs of individuals and social equality are unjustifiable in relation to rewards. He gave the principles through which it can be found whether the distribution of wealth is just, these principles are as: 1. Wealth has to be justly acquired in the first place, that is , it should not have been stolen and the rights of others should not have been infringed 2. Wealth has to be justly transferred from one responsible person to another 3. If wealth has been acquired or transferred unjustly this injustice should be rectified According to these principles Nozick justifies that the inequality in distribution of we

Conceptual framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conceptual framework - Essay Example and as a guide to the enterprise itself. A Financial statement is a management tool of communicating information about the financial position of the company, its performances and changes in financial position. It is presented in income statements, balance sheets and cash flows. Part B. Review the 2008 annual report of British Airways plc and evaluate the relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability of the information to you as a potential investor (use examples to justify your answers) * On the basis of relevance. The information presented in the financial statements is relevant as it is presented in two years, 2007 and 2008. This information can help users of the Financial Statement to evaluate past and present events of the company. On the basis of past events, evidences could be gathered for confirming or correcting past evaluations made. * On the basis of reliability. Financial statements of British Airways have to be audited in accordance with IASB and should comply with the requirements in the financial market audit. A financial statement becomes unreliable when it is purposely done to influence users’ decision such understatement or overstatement of assets, income and liabilities. Disclosures from part of the financial report in claiming estimates in its preparation so that the FS will appear neutral. The study has been limited and could not interpret any understatement or overstatement of assets and liabilities. However, following the trend of the 2 year Balance sheet, changes in asset structure is not very significant to cause an alarm. * On the basis of comparability. The Financial Statement of BA provided sufficient data for comparability over time. This is done on a 2 year comparison of its own yearly performance. This allows users to study trend in performances in all

Hunger in Black Boy Essay Example for Free

Hunger in Black Boy Essay Hunger in Black Boy Have you ever experienced real hunger? The kinds of hungers that Richard experiences in Black Boy are not evident in the society where you and I reside. The present middle class citizens cannot really relate to true physical hunger. Hunger for most of us is when there is nothing that we desire to eat around the house and therefore skip one meal. This cannot even compare to the days that Richard endures without food. Physical hunger, however, is not the only hunger apparent in Richards life. Richard suffers from emotional and educational hungers as well. He yearnsfor such things as mere association with others and simple books to read. Both of which are things that most people take for granted. This efficacious autobiography, Black Boy, by Richard Wright manifests what it is like to desire such simple paraphernalia. From a very early age and for much of his life thereafter, Richard experiences chronic physical hunger. Hunger stole upon me slowly that at first I was not aware of what hunger really meant. Hunger had always been more or less at my elbow when I played, but now I began to wake up at night to find hunger standing at my bedside, staring at me gauntly (16). Soonafter the disappearance of Richards father, he begins to notice constant starvation. This often reappears in his ensuing life. The type of hunger that Richard describes is worse than one who has not experienced chronic hunger can even imagine. Once again I knew hunger, biting hunger, hunger that made my body aimlessly restless, hunger that kept me on edge, that made my temper flare, that made my temper flare, hunger that made hate leap out of my heart like the dart of a serpents tongue, hunger that created in me odd cravings (119). Because hunger has always been a part of Richards lifestyle, he cannot even imagine eating meat every day. This simple privilege would be a miracle to him, yet to most it is nothing. These weakening and piercing hungers are frequently evident where poverty dwells in the Jim Crow South. Furthermore, emotional hunger also represses much of Richards life. Richard desires attention from people. However, since he does not receive much of this at home, he does not really know how to associate with others. This provokes a problem when he leaves home because he cannot understand the friendliness of people around him. Nevertheless, I was so starved for association with people that I allowed myself to be.

Religious Cults - A Threat to Society? Essay -- essays papers

Religious Cults - A Threat to Society? On November 18, 1978, in a cleared-out patch of the Guyanese jungle, Reverend Jim Jones ordered the 911 members of his flock to kill themselves by drinking a cyanide potion, and they did. It seems cultists were brainwashed by this megalomaniac Jones, who had named their jungle village after himself and held them as virtual slaves, if not living zombies. Jones himself was found dead. He'd shot himself in the head, or someone else had shot him. Is it plausible that more than nine hundred people took their own lives willingly, simply because he told them to? This paper will examine aspects of certain religious groups around the world that have shocked us with similar types of behavior. Most of these groups have been categorized into what we refer to as cults. While most of these new religious groups are extremely passive in their methodology, it is my objective to look at those that have gone outside the boundaries of our norms and done such things as mass suicide and acts of terrorism. I will try to understand how the leaders of these groups are able to persuade members to give up all of their possessions and in some cases their lives. What causes people to remove themselves from their jobs, and families? A cult is any group of people who surround themselves around a strong authority figure. Cults, like many other groups, attempt to expand their influence for the purposes of power or money. However, to achieve these ends, destructive cults employ a potent mixture of influence and deception over members and new recruits. Using methods such as brainwashing, thought reform, and mind control. A successful conversion into a destructive cult removes a person's former identity and replaces it with a new one. This is where the new member accepts all of the beliefs of his new group and a new identity is created. However once a member of the group, any deviation from the cult leader's teachings is strictly forbidden. Individuality is suppressed, and subject to fear and suspicion of everyone around in the group. What could cause people to join such groups when it is common knowledge that these groups are known to go against the norms of our society? Many of those who study these groups say that people tend to be more susceptible to manipulation in times of major change and crisis. During the 1960s there was an explos... ... is often which is defined as direct contact with the divine, generating a sense of belonging to something profound and of being a somebody. The modern cult may be viewed as a group that gives its members an identity and a sense of meaning in a world that has somehow failed to provide them these things. With over 3000 destructive cults in the U.S. claiming over 4 million members, it seems that there may only be more trouble to come with these new religious organizations popping up almost out of nowhere. Their leaders seem to pray on the vulnerable and lonely. Perhaps causing them to behave in a manner that would not be in their normal behavior. I am not suggesting that all of these religious groups are threat to our society. In fact I believe that these self-help groups are an asset to the people that they help. However trouble arises when the leaders of these groups lose control, demanding complete and total obedience. It is quite evident that one person's cult may be another person's religion, and history has proven that yesterday's fringe group may be tomorrow’s mainstream religion. All of our popular religious groups once started as out as a cult at one time or another.

The Concept of Kairos

In the midst of the ordinary time (kronos), extraordinary time (kairos) happens. A cultural word morphed by Christianity Introduction In a scene from Dead Poets Society, Professor John Keating challenges his boarding school English class. They sheepishly stand in front of the trophy case peering inquisitively into the photographs of alumna. The professor speaks with a deliberate tone about the boys in the faded black and white photographs: They're not that different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you.Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they're destined for great things, just like many of you; their eyes are full of hope, just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? Because, you see gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Carpe! Hear it? Carpe! Carpe diem! Seize the day boys. Make your lives extraordinary.Why does the call to live extraordinary lives ring so loudly for some they are compelled to follow it with a zealous passion? What causes the same call for others to become merely a drone to ignore amidst all the other noises of life? No matter where one falls on this continuum the call remains the same for every human being. Carpe diem! [Literally, pluck the day] Choose to live in such a way that reflects the extraordinariness of your life. Position yourself to get caught up in the great drama. You have been destined to make an impact. LifetimeThe span of time that measures a person’s life is referred to as a lifetime. Each person has a limited span of time to live. Yet each person is given the opportunity to leave a legacy which is about contribution, significance, and things that really matter. Could there be two spans of time, whether recognized or not, which actually intersect? Kronos (k ronos) is the ancient Greek word which refers to sequential or linear time. In Greek mythology, the god Chronos, pictured as elderly, gray-haired and bearded, was the personification of time.Kronos is symbolized by the newborn baby that ushers in the New Year and ends the year as a bent-over old man: Father Time. We know kronos time as chronology; tick-tock time. It is measured, or chronicled, by clocks, hours, minutes and seconds. It is the time in which we make appointments and face deadlines. It tends to be more of a nemesis or taskmaster than a friend. We schedule our lives by it. Most people speak of never having enough of it as we race around the clock to make sure we maximize the time. Some even refer to much of life as â€Å"putting in the time. †Jonathan Larsen’s Broadway Musical Rent questions the measure of time, and parenthetically, the quality of kronos time with the lyrics of â€Å"Seasons of Love†: Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Min utes How Do You Measure – Measure A Year? In Daylights – In Sunsets In Midnights – In Cups Of Coffee In Inches – In Miles In Laughter – In Strife In – Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure a Year In The Life? How About Love? Larsen’s lyrics, while suggesting the continuum of life, carry angst for something more than tick-tock time.In the journey of kronos time is there, could there be something more significant, something of value, something legacy-driven that gives lasting impact to kronos time? The ancient Greeks would answer in the affirmative. Opportune Time Kairos (kairos), even though the Greek meanings are complex and culturally dependent, refers to the right time, opportune time or seasonable time. It cannot be measured. It is the perfect time, the qualitative time, the perfect moment, the â€Å"now. † Kairos brings transcending value to kronos time.Eric Charles White, in Kaironomia: O n the Will-to-Invent, defines kairos with this imagery: 2 Archery – an opening, or opportunity or, more precisely, a long tunnel-like aperture through which the archer's arrow has to pass. Successful passage of a kairos requires, therefore, that the archer's arrow be fired not only accurately but with enough power for it to penetrate. Weaving – the critical time when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven. Kairos is the right moment of opportunity which requires proactivity to achieve success.It is significant and decisive. These moments transcend kronos, stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. It is not an understatement to say that kairos moments alter destiny. To miscalculate kronos is inconvenient. To miscalculate kairos is lamentable. The Background of Kairos Kairos was known in Greek mythology as the youngest child of the god Zeus. Quite close to the entrance to the stadium [at Oly mpia] are two altars; one they call the altar of Hermes of the Games, the other the altar of Kairos (Opportunity).Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5. 14. 9 His bronze statute was known as the most beautiful of statutes. Eye witnesses describe the statute as youthful, â€Å"beautiful to look upon as he waved his downy beard and left his hair unconfined for the south wind to toss wherever it would; and he had a blooming complexion, showing by its brilliancy the bloom of his body†¦he stood poised on the tips of his toes on a sphere, and his feet were winged. † The statue was so magnetic people â€Å"stood speechless at the sight. † The artist sought to capture the very essence of kairos:The wings on his feet, he told us, suggested his swiftness, and that, borne by the seasons, he goes rolling on through all eternity; and as to his youthful beauty, that beauty is always opportune and that Kairos (Opportunity) is the only artificer of beauty, whereas that of which the beauty has withered has no part in the nature of Kairos (Opportunity); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity (kairos) is neglected, it cannot be recovered. † Callistratus, Descriptions 6The Ancient Greeks, the seedbed of existential thinkers, sought to understand kairos at multiple levels. They applied kairos thinking in arenas of legal, political, and epideitic (the artfully skilled and heightened rhetorical expression of praise). In legal rhetoric, kairos was related to justice beyond the written law, that is, law applied at specific times and circumstances unforeseen by legislators. Political rhetoric concerns the elements of usefulness, suitability, and honor. Kairos was also central to the Sophists, who saw kairos as the ability to understand the subtleties of a rhetorical situation.Kairos is seen as the ora tor’s ability to adapt to and take advantage of the contingent circumstances. One element of speech rhetoric is The Audience, the psychological and emotional makeup of the hearers. The other is Decorum, the principle of apt speech. Aristotle identifies kairos as intrinsically 3 related to the time and space when proof must be delivered to the hearers. Therefore, speakers are to be aware of their words AND be able to choose opportune moments to re-awaken the hearers. That moment, recognized, chosen and acted upon, is kairotic or interchangeably, kairos.Kairos was not only dependent upon the appropriate timing and purpose, but also the appropriate nature of the situation, the approach, and the implications of what is being presented. [These concepts are explained in detail in the book Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory and Praxis, Phillip Sipiora and James S. Baumlin. ] Modern day students of rhetoric are baffled by the word. S. H. Butcher who translated much of Ari stotle noted that â€Å"kairos is a Greek word ‘with no single precise equivalent in any other language. ’† (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 118).They believe that grasping the spirit of kairos IS their area of study because the spirit of kairos is essential to the practice of rhetoric. Even though kairos is a bit illusive, it is at the same time, alluring. The Greeks knew kairos intersected kronos time. Yet, what was the impact of kairos? For whom was kairos available? Did kairos opportunities reside for only a few? In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those â€Å"who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action. It was into this setting where the Apostle Paul engaged in kairotic interchanges in Athens on the Areopagus (also known as Mars Hill). Can you picture a well-educated man, known and respecte d for his zealousness in seeking to destroy the followers of a new sect out of Jerusalem called â€Å"The Way† (Christ-followers), and who had the ability to stand toe-to-toe with philosophers, now directing his tenacity toward sharing the real meaning of â€Å"opportunity? † Here’s one example: [Paul] also had a debate with some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers.When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, â€Å"This babbler has picked up some strange ideas. † Others said, â€Å"He's pushing some foreign religion. † Then they took him to the Council of Philosophers. â€Å"Come and tell us more about this new religion,† they said. â€Å"You are saying some rather startling things, and we want to know what it's all about. † (It should be explained that all the Athenians as well as the foreigners in Athens seemed to spend all their time discussing the latest ideas. Acts 17:18-21 Just a few short decades before th is interchange, the Divine intersected the world’s kronos time with His reality of kairos. A unique kairos has dawned. It came in the flesh, Jesus, the Christ. Time – even kairos itself – was ready to be redeemed. The Redefining of Kairos The New Testament writers reflect the evolution of the word by referring to kairos time as the present moment, the defining moment, and even the God-ordained moments. Kairos is the time-frame for divine interaction and occurrences. 4 Mark 1:14-15 â€Å"the time† (is fulfilled)Kairos is a time which requires a change or reorienting. Luke 12:54-56 â€Å"the present time† Kairos is extraordinary time, requiring interpretation. The capacity to read the signs of the times—the kairos—and respond is an issue of faith. Luke 19:44 â€Å"the time† (of your visitation from God) Kairos is a dangerous time. It is critical to recognize it, for if you allow it to pass the loss will be immeasurable. There is a burden or responsibility tied up in the recognition of the kairos. Romans 13:11-13 â€Å"the time . . . the moment† Kairos time is here.It calls for action and transformation—a change of life. 2 Corinthians 6:1-2 â€Å"the acceptable time† Kairos is not just crisis but opportunity and favor. God assists us in discerning the kairos—a moment of grace. Scripture writers accepted and leaned into the multiple dimensions of kairos: The divine reality of God and His kingdom that is available in each moment. Signifies a decisive moment of history when an old world would die and a new age would be born Moments which transcend time (kronos), stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action.These are moments that alter destiny; seizing upon the crucial moment to perform accurately and skillfully in order to achieve a goal. A divine opportunity – season or moment – that one dare not miss. The apostle Paul knew the importance of reorienting the whole concept of kairos to the perspective of the Kingdom of God. (Kairos is used 85 times in the New Testament and 30 of these are by Paul. ) The Greek and Roman gods and goddesses were capricious and dispensed good or ill arbitrarily. The pagan deities were constantly at odds. Who would bring clarity?As clearly as John Keating passionately urged, â€Å"Carpe diem,† Paul traveled throughout the Asia Minor teaching, and more importantly, living out the message: exagorazesqai ton kairon literally, â€Å"buy up the opportunity. † The word â€Å"buy up† has its roots in the image of going to the marketplace and seeking to buy back, â€Å"to take it off the market†; to redeem. The admonition seems to be clear: people who live 5 in kronos time need to intersect with the Divine in order to grasp the full power of kairos. Go and buy back opportunities! Redeem them for good!Every person needs to know the real kairos: God-appointed time. Paul used the exact same Greek words as he wrote to two different churches: Conduct yourselves with wisdom toward outsiders, making the most of the opportunity. Colossian 4:5 [NAS] Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil. Ephesians 5:15-16 [NAS] Paul wanted people to understand that kairos did not come in the form of a peering at a statute but in letting the eternal kairos, Christ, form more of your mind and subsequently your behavior. St.Ignatius Loyola wrote, â€Å"There are very few people who realize what God would make of them if they abandoned themselves into His hands and let themselves be formed by His grace. † Our world needs to know the depth of the Heavenly Father’s love and the dream He has for every human being to be eternally changed by His power and grace. In an effort to capture kairos for church-goers in the centuries that followed Paul, the Eastern Orthodox Church Liturgy begins with this exclam ation, â€Å"Kairos tou poiesai to Kurio† (â€Å"It is time [kairos] for the Lord to act†), indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity.It is difficult to measure kairos time. It flows; allowing us to be in the moment. Erwin McManus, while never using the term kairos, speaks of a flow of time; movements which move in a timely manner and waits for no one. Describing or capturing a kairos moment is fluid and beyond expression. McManus suggests: I think we need to spend a day with Monet. He had a clear sense of what was hidden in a moment. Most of us think of a movement as something that’s stationary, stagnant, and unchanging. We want to capture the moment and stand in the moment.If there’s a moment you want to preserve or remember you must take a snapshot. The genius of Monet is that he saw the moment for what it really was. It was as if he read the dictionary and realized that the essence of the words moment and motion are the same. Monet was a master of light and movement. His paintings were blurred and obscure and yet beautiful and full of insight. If we could someone see life through his eyes, we would begin to see life as it really is. (An Unstoppable Force) Grasping the Depth of KairosOne doesn’t catch up with kairos time rather one participates in it. Kairos time can occur during activity or stillness. It simply intersects with kronos time. Newbery-Award winning author Madeleine L'Engle, best known for her children's books, writes of kronos and kairos. She suggest that kairos can sometimes enter, penetrate, and break through kronos: the child at play, the painter at an easel, the 6 saint at prayer, friends around the dinner table, the mother reaching out for the newborn are in what she calls kairos.Taking kairos a step further Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, â€Å"When we participate in time and therefore lose our sense of time passing we are in kairos; here we are totally absorbed in the prese nt moment, which may actually stretch out over hours. † (Close to the Bone: Life Threatening Illness and the Search for Meaning, p 86) T. S. Eliot (Four Quartets) ruminates in â€Å"The Dry Salvages† Number 3: For most of us, there is only the unattended Moment, the moment in and out of time, The distraction fit, lost in a shaft of sunlight,The wild thyme unseen, or the winter lightning Or the waterfall, or music heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the music lasts. Could it be that one could get so caught up in kairos that kronos is truly transcended? At those moments one is at soul-level. The Kairos Call The notion of kairos is characterized by what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who survived years of imprisonment and exile in the Gulag Archipelago, calls â€Å"knots,† those decisive historic moments in which everything is rolled up and tied in a knot.In The Interpretation of History, Lutheran Theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term, referring to kairos as those moments of crisis in history which create an opportunity for, and even demand, an existential decision. William Wilberforce forged the way for the abolition of slavery in England. George Washington accepted many kairos opportunities as general and president of a fledgling nation. Abraham Lincoln, the once uneducated country-boy, delivered one of the shortest, yet memorable addresses in American History on the Gettysburg Battlefield. As a determined leader of a war-torn country he concluded with this kairos challenge:It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for t he people, shall not perish from the earth. 7 Winston Churchill, on June 18, 1940, gave a fiery-impassioned speech to the House of Commons that historians believe turned the tide of the war by winning a victory for human freedom.Seemingly defeated on every front, Churchill knew that he was the one to make the clarion call: Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, â€Å"This was their finest hour. † (www. winstonchurchill. o rg) The impeccable reality of kairos moments is that they are special, cosmic, and whether recognized or not, even divine. â€Å"The hour is the God-given moment of destiny not to be shrunk from but seized with decisiveness, the floodtide of opportunity and demand in which the unseen waters of the future surge down to the present. (Os Guinness, Character Counts) Nothing is more critical than to recognize and respond to such a moment. Kairos Possibilities and Potential It is the very nature of God to give every human being multiple opportunities to seize high impact moments. These kairos moments are rich with potential and pregnant with possibilities. â€Å"Whatever we may become, wherever we go, whatever we do, we should always be aware of what once was, what might have been, and what could well be again. † (Os Guinness, God in the Dark: The Assurance of Faith Beyond a Shadow of Doubt)Yet, with every opportunity comes a price tag. One cannot seize the day (or time) without c hoosing to not seize something else, which will undoubtedly have consequences. Jesus would speak frequently of counting the costs. People who choose to seize the moments are less concerned about the sacrifices they are making than they are about the significance of their decision. The encouragement is to make decisions wisely. Think of the Old Testament story of Esther. Would she be open to seizing the day? Would she let her divine moment pass her by?She was a lone Jew in a Gentile king’s harem at the precipice of watching the potential genocide of her race when she was given this challenge by fellow-countryman Mordecai: If you keep quiet at a time like this, deliverance for the Jews will arise from some other place, but you and your relatives will die. What's more, who can say but that you have been elevated to the palace for just such a time as this? (Esther 4:14) She stood face-to-face with her God-given moment of destiny: a kairos moment. James Emery White confidently exc laims, â€Å"Kairos moments are never pragmatic moves to ensure a blessed life during our short tenure on earth.They are moments to be seized for the sake of eternity and the Lord of eternity. † (Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 97) 8 In J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring), an elderly Bilbo Baggins offers to carry The Ring of Power into the Dark Lord Sauron’s domain. His intention is to return it to the Land of Mordor, into the fires of Mount Doom from which it was forged. Yet he knew the temptation of the ring. So he said to himself, â€Å"Bilbo the silly hobbit started this affair, and Bilbo had better finish it, or himself. His old friend Gandalf the wizard releases him from the task, â€Å"If you had really started this affair you might be expected to finish it. But you know well enough that starting is too great a claim for any, and that only a small part is played in great dee ds by any hero. † The great starter of events, of course, is God Himself. And while the great deeds are not done by a few, but by many, the heroes are bound by their choice to take a stand. Through this decision they assume a role in the great contest between good and evil; between the movement of God and rebellion of the Evil One.Each succeeding generation carries on playing its part in the great cosmic battle that will eventually be brought to a finish at the end of history. The question is whether we will choose to walk in the footsteps of the heroes who went before us. It’s a daunting choice indeed. (James Emery White, Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 85) Tolkien provides some clarity about kairos decisions throughout his epic. The hobbits, the elves, Gandalf, the Fellowship are all part of a metanarrative; a story that provides framework upon which other’s experiences can be built.Each of us is afforded moments to take a stand, regardless of appearance (Frodo, the Hobbit) to position (Aragon, the king in waiting). Kairos moments can catapult a person into the very essence of life, which often comes with great consequences. Yet, it is there, in kairos moments, where we live the great drama of life. Maybe it is in those times when we feel most alive, most in touch with our eternal purpose. Make no doubt about it, these moments are not just discerned, they must be seized. Bilbo’s young nephew, Frodo, knew when the kairos moment was calling him. That’s the way kairos moments often present themselves.Challenges, calls, â€Å"leaps of faith† into the great unknown! Though sometimes unexplainable, the call is unmistakable. Could there be a cosmic gong? At last with an effort he spoke, and wondered to hear his own words, as if some other will was using his small voice. â€Å"I will take the Ring,† Frodo said, â€Å"though I do not know the way. † Elrond raised his eyes and looked at him, and Frodo felt his heart pierced by the sudden keenness of the glance. â€Å"If I understand aright all that I have heard,† he said, â€Å"I think that this task is appointed for you, Frodo; and that if you do not find a way, no one will.This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck? But it is a heavy burden. So heavy that none could lay it on another. I do not lay it on you. But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right. † 9 Let’s be very clear, the kairos call is sometimes very challenging. The responsibility of the Ring came upon Frodo unwanted, what seems to happen with kairos calls. Yet, the power lies in what we do with the kairos moment.Reflect on some interchanges between Frodo and Gandalf: Frodo: I wish the ring had never come to me. I wish none of this had happened. Gandalf: So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us. There are other forces at work in this world Frodo, besides the will of evil. Bilbo was meant to find the Ring. In which case, you were also meant to have it. And that is an encouraging thought. Frodo: I am not made for perilous quests. I wish I had never seen the Ring! Why did it come to me? Why was I chosen? Gandalf: Such questions cannot be answered.You may be sure that it was not for any merit that others do not possess. (He was just a simple hobbit, after all. ) But you have been chosen, and you must therefore use such strength and heart, and wits as you have. The weight of kairos opportunities can bring consternation. They call us out of our comfort zones. Oh to have wise people, like Gandalf, who listen to our doubts and then remind us of the importance of seizing kair os moments and staying the course! Kairos moments are well worth it. The Challenge Let’s tweak John Keating’s Latin urge to a kairos admonition: Tempus Occasio! Seize the kairos moment!Every human being is loved by God and eternally valued. Every human being exists for only a certain amount of kronos time. Thousands of years before The Byrds’ popular, â€Å"Turn! (To Everything There is a Season), King Solomon wrote: There is a time for everything, a season for every activity under heaven. (Ecclesiastes) The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, uses the word kairos to capture the writer’s intent. The question is, â€Å"What will we do with our kronos moments? † There is something beyond kronos. There is a time that impacts kronos with such intensity that it can alter the very kronos of a person’s life.Every human being is wired with gifts and passions which afford opportunities to make unique impacts. While each of us wri tes the script of our life, we have been given extraordinary potential to make a difference. Tempus Occasio! James W. Moore boldly writes, â€Å"Kairos time is full time, vital time, crucial time, decisive time, God’s time – those rich special moments that break into the humdrum and change your life; those powerful dramatic moments when things seem to fall into place; a new perspective comes, and God seems to be speaking loud and clear.That is kairos! † (Seizing the Moments: Making the Most of Life’s Opportunities, p 16) Kairos and the Present Moment 10 The young struggling diabetic Shelby, in the movie Steel Magnolias (1989) muses, â€Å"I would rather have thirty minutes of wonderful than a lifetime of nothing special. † Kairos moments are waiting to be grasped. There is no better time to apprehend kairos then the exact moment in time in which a person lives: the present moment. Simply put, the past is over; the future has yet to be written. We h ave the gift of the present moment in which to live.Will we seize the present moment or passively watch time tick by? The question is far from cavalier. It carries with it the tenderness of a care-giver blended with the challenge of a coach. The options are simple but the consequences can lead to great complexities. Either we proactively seize kairos time or we, by choice, choose only to live in kronos time, which tempts us to reshape the past or lures us to bring unwarranted assurances to our future. The later is a tenuous place to live. It leads to limited satisfaction, feeds our control issues, and breeds a lack of contentment.Can you think of a moment in your life which brought great joy to you? Fulfilling a dream, falling in love, the birth of a child? If only that moment could be frozen in time. It cannot. That moment is in the past, a memory to which we add other memories which will form the legacy of our lives. That moment is to be remembered and celebrated. It becomes anoth er stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. Recently three Detroit baseball players from an era long gone by were featured guests at a local expo.These once stellar athletes, now plump old men, limped down the stairs to their booth for signing autographs. There seemed to be two types of autograph seekers that day: those who wanted a symbol of some of the good ‘ole years and those who were living as if the ’84 Tigers just clinched the pennant. They donned jerseys and hats; taking the concept of â€Å"fan† to another level. There was a difference from remembering the past and choosing to live in the past. Conversely, can you think of a moment in your life which brought pain or sadness? Was it a poor decision? Someone who hurt you?The loss of someone you love? If only that moment had not happened. It did. That moment is also in the past, and added to our memory. It too, becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not b ecome the entire garment. How many people do you know who live in the past with such intensity that it drives their very decision-making? Rather than choosing to observe the past as a scar, they see it as a festering wound. Some even choose to regularly keep the wound open. That way they can actually use the wound as leverage for manipulation or exacting some revenge.Others peel back the scar when it is convenient giving them a good excuse for not taking responsibility for their decisions. The old saying is true, â€Å"He who ignores history is bound to repeat it. † However, there is a great distance between knowing our past and choosing to live in the past. Philosophy majors spar over this concept. Therapists earn a living helping people understand it. It is the crux of how human beings, young and old, choose to live. Will we choose the present moment? This is very practical. Take for instance, Brady Quinn, quarterback (2002-2006), The University of Notre Dame: 1 Before coac h Charlie Weis came to Notre Dame, Brady Quinn's development was like a slow, steady drip. Quinn had arrived at Notre Dame as a highly touted quarterback †¦However, he wasn't able to live up to the high expectations during his first two years in South Bend, IN. With one season of eligibility remaining, Quinn holds almost every major Notre Dame single-season and career passing record. His improved play has much to do with the Irish's return to a place among the nation's elite programs. (Michael Rothstein, ESPN. om, January 2, 2006) Charlie Weiss came to Notre Dame’s storied program as suburb playing-calling genius with three Super Bowl rings. His pedigree is helping young quarterbacks succeed to monumental levels. In an interview, Quinn was asked to describe the zenith of his turnaround, he simply reflected, â€Å"It all began when I started to believe the coach. † What was the coach’s oft-repeated mantra to Quinn? Forget the past. I’ll worry about yo ur future. Your job is to live in the present moment. If it’s true for a twenty-something sports phenom imagine the stakes from an eternal perspective.What if a person would simply choose to live, just live, in the present moment? Imagine a life of present moment living where authentic behavior is honed by the self-disciple, practice, and self-control of the martial artist. Imagine what it would be like to make conscience efforts to let go of all our baggage – childhood problems, prejudices, assumptions, interpretations, and projections – and being responsive to the moment, appreciating â€Å"the power of now. † Present moment living is both spontaneous and responsible. (Spiritually Intelligent Leadership, Danah Zohar, Leader to Leader, No. 8 Fall 2005) The Bible has specific words for past moments, they are redeemable. I have redeemed you! I have called you by name! You are mine! Our Heavenly Father, through the power of Christ, offers a life of no-regre ts. The slate is wiped clean and He restores â€Å"in spades† that which was lost. That leaves an ominous choice. Either a person can choose to live in the past, listening to all the loud voices which scream of rejection, failure, and unforgiveness or a person can choose to accept the truth: which is, each person is eternally loved and God wants all people redeemed.Because Christ bought us back, we are offered a life of kairos, a way of life which is about â€Å"buying back† (making the most of) opportunities; seizing these moments for the Kingdom of God. Tempus Occasio! Kairos Opportunities People who choose kairos living as a way of life not only accept redemption; they bask in all that it has to offer. They believe the past is really bought back and they are given a new lease at life. The past is a scar. Kairos people look at the scar and remember how much healing distance there is between the present moment and that scar.They believe with more and more faith each d ay that God does indeed, make all things new. Therefore to seize kairos is to â€Å"pluck† all the grace the Heavenly Father offers and accept it through faith. Kairos people accept faith as a gift and deliver increasing amounts of faith to people they meet. 12 People who choose kairos living as a way of life believe the future is really in good hands; God’s hands. Jesus wasn’t stretching the truth when he said, Don’t worry about tomorrow. It is God’s design that we seek to trust Him with our future.Therefore, kairos people are people of hope. They actually believe the Heavenly Father wants to give them good things and do good things through them. Kairos people put their hope in the One who controls the future and in turn, seeks to deliver increasing amounts of hope to people they meet. People who choose kairos living as a way of life know the Heavenly Father loves them first and in turn, respond by loving God with all their heart, soul, and mind. They know the depth of love they receive and want to give it away to others, thereby, living out the Great Commandments of Jesus.Kairos people love God and love people; believing that loving others is directly proportional to how much we love ourselves. Kairos people are people who love, radically and relentlessly and seek to deliver increasing amounts of love to people they meet. Tempus Occasio! Conclusion In the span of every human being’s life there are kairos opportunities. You may not be standing in the hallway of a boarding school with John Keating whispering, â€Å"Carpe Diem! † But you are standing on the precipice of other kairos opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be a teenager who is seeking to understand the meaning of life.But you are invited to find purpose and power as you gaze into the face of the One who created you and calls you â€Å"Beloved,† offering you destiny-changing opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be gazing into the pi ctures of those who lived a century ago. But you are invited to study the lives of those who have taken their kairos moments and transformed their world. Tempus occasio! Are you ready for an adventure? If you listen real close, you can hear opportunity calling. Your legacy is ready to be written. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Tempus! Hear it? Tempus! Tempus occasio! Seize kairos! Make your lives extraordinary. 13